Figure 1.

Prevalence of moderate to severe sleep apnea (AHI ≥ 15 events per hour) in asymptomatic LVSD or LVDD, HFpEF or HFrEF, ADHF, and ACPE. ACPE = acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema; ADHF = acutely decompensated heart failure; AHI = apnea-hypopnea index; CSA = central sleep apnea; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVDD = left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; LVSD = left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier from Javaheri et al.⁷