Fig. 1.

(A) Effects of myostatin on the phosphorylation of Smad, Akt, FOXO1, and AMPK, (B) Effects of myostatin on the mRNA levels of FOXO1, atrogin-1, and MuRF-1, in the chick myotubes. The myotubes were treated with 15% serum-containing medium with or without (Con) 20nM myostatin (Mstn), for 2 h. Data are expressed as mean±standard error of the mean of five (A) and six (B) wells in each group. Student's t-test was used to analyze the differences. ** Significant with respect to control group (** P < 0.01).