. 2020 Feb 3;6(2):e03266. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03266

Table 2.

Surface properties of pure alginate film and bio-nanocomposites under study at 20 °C by IGC.

Sample	$γ_{s}^{d}$ (mJ/m²)	K_a	K_b	K_a/K_b	Dp (cm²/min)
SA	34.10	0.083	0.044	1.89	0.087
10% CNFs/SA	33.90	0.083	0.035	2.37	0.142
10% TOCNCs/SA	33.61	0.082	0.059	1.39	0.122
10% US CNFs/SA	33.78	0.085	0.059	1.27	0.151
10% US TOCNCs/SA	35.68	0.083	0.043	1.93	0.090

$γ_{s}^{d}$ : dispersive component of surface free energy; K_a: dissociation constant of acid; K_b: dissociation constant of base; Dp: degree of permeability.