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. 2019 Dec 14;19:814–826. doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.11.034

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© 2019.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Characterization of MSCs and MSC-exo

(A) Morphological observation of MSCs (200×). (B) Surface marker molecules of MSCs detected by flow cytometry. (C) Representative images of osteocyte, adipocyte, and chondrocyte differentiation of MSCs analyzed using cytochemical staining with alizarin red (a), oil red O (b), and Alcian blue (c) (400×). (D) Morphology change of MSC-exo detected by TEM (scale bar, 200 nm). (E) The size distribution of the MSC-exo examined using dynamic light scattering. (F) Surface marker (CD63) of exosomes detected by flow cytometry. (G) The positive markers for exosomes, including CD63, CD81, TSG101, and HSP70, were detected in MSC-exo using western blot analysis, whereas the negative marker GRP94 was not detected. The experiment was repeated independently three times.