Fig. 1.
Embryonic and somatic manipulations for generation of CRISPR disease models.
Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 is the state-of the art for zygote manipulations, but other deliver methods such as electroporation have been described.106,107 CRISPR can also be used for traditional embryonic stem cell targeting or direct embryonic editing by injection of the vitelline vein during pregnancy (E16).108 Nanoparticles, viral vectors and HTVI can be used for somatic gene editing. Hepatocytes can also be edited using the methods depicted, establishing new disease models upon transplantation and repopulation of the liver. ESC, embryonic stem cell; HTVI, hydrodynamic tail vein injection.