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. 2020 Feb 7;10:2154. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59219-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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AFL measurement of human OA cartilage. Analyses from two OA cartilage samples are shown (sample 1 and 2). These OA specimens had a KL grading of IV. Top left image shows photos of sample with the approximate position of the fibre optic probe at the time of measurements, indicated by the green (visibly remaining cartilage) and blue circles (exposed bone). Scale bar 1 cm. AFL results in each spectral channel 1, 2 and 3 are presented below. A total of n = 3 AFL measurements were realized in each position. The tissues were sliced into 9 strips and histological sections were made. Histological images of the closest position from the measurement area of the tissue were shown in the right. Arrowheads indicate tears on the cartilage surface. Scale bar 1 mm. The sections were stained with safranin O and Masson’s trichrome. SCB indicates regions of exposed subchondral bone.