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. 2020 Feb 7;10:2118. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58196-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of the structure of couplings between the LF components in the signals of the systems of HR and vascular tone regulation in the normal state (a) and during cardiac surgery in CPB without cardioplegia (b) and under cardioplegia (c). Arrows indicate the directions of couplings. The dashed line is a hemodynamic coupling from HRV to BPV, the solid line indicates an autonomous regulatory influence from BPV to HRV and the thin line indicates an autonomous regulatory influence from HRV to BPV.