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. 2020 Feb 7;10:2118. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58196-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PPG signal (a,d), RR intervals (b,e), and their Fourier power spectra (c,f) depicted by solid line for PPG and by dashed line for RR intervals. The dashed and solid horizontal lines in (c,f) correspond to the critical power value (p = 0.05), estimated from RR intervals and PPG signals, respectively. The upper line (a–c) corresponds to patient D with low amplitude of PPG and bottom line (d–f) corresponds to patient A with a distinguishable pulse wave under CPB.