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. 2020 Feb 7;10:2142. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58882-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Neutrophil traction stress generation is attenuated by vinculin deficiency. (a) 3D tractions and the trace of the dipole moments, µ, of WT and VclKO neutrophils on polyacrylamide gels of either 0.5 kPa or 1.5 kPa stiffness (n > 25 cells/group, 3 independent experiments). Data analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison test. *p < 0.05. (b) Representative 3D traction cone plots for WT and VclKO neutrophils (shown in purple) on polyacrylamide gels of indicated stiffness. Cones indicate traction direction while color and size represent traction magnitude, in Pascals. Scale bar = 10 µm.