Fig. 2. Comparison of landslide displacement and dv/v induced by earthquakes and precipitation.

a Seismicity reported by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute (IGP) for earthquakes with PGV above 0.01 cm.s⁻¹ (see SI) on the landslide (gray dots), and cumulative rainfall over the rainy season (solid blue line). Earthquakes strong enough to saturate the seismometer located on the landslide or earthquake where no records were available due to problems with the seismometer are indicated by black dots. For significant earthquakes, magnitudes and distances to the Maca landslide were indicated. b Time series of the Maca GPS North cumulative displacement (red) and velocity (gray) at a 1-day sampling rate. Blue zones represent periods were the dv/v in under −1.2%, and red zones represent periods were the dv/v is likely under −1.2% but gaps in the seismic data exist. c Changes to relative seismic velocity of the material determined by comparing daily seismic noise correlograms in the 3–8 Hz frequency range (black), which have a depth sensitivity of up to 40 m (see Supplementary Figs. 12 and 13). Gaps in the dv/v time series correspond to missing records. The horizontal black dashed line is the surface wave velocity on the first day of our study period. The red horizontal dashed line is an empirical threshold used in the text (−1.2%) under which the landslide is in a critical state. The logarithmic green curve represents the recovery function proposed by Richter et al.⁴⁸. Boxes indicate part of the graphic that has been enlarged either in Supplementary Fig. 3 or in Fig. 4. Close-up of the years 2017 and 2018 are displayed, respectively, in the Supplementary Figs. 4 and 5.