Table 1.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their respective molecules or pathways involved in the tumor microenvironment (TME) immunosuppression.
| LncRNA | Type of cancer | Type of cell that express lncRNAs | Detected samples | Molecules or pathways involved with lncRNA | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XIST | BCBM | Tumor cell | Tissue, cell line | Exosome miRNA-503 | (44) |
| Lnc-BM | BCBM | Tumor cell | Cell line | JAK2-STAT3-ICAM1, CCL2, IL-6, oncostatin M Lnc-BM/JAK2/STAT3 pathway | (35) |
| LNMAT1 | Bladder cancer | Tumor cell | Tissue, cell line | CCL2, hnRNPL, VEGF-C signaling | (45) |
| NKILA | Breast cancer Lung cancer | CTL and Th1 cell | Tissue | NF-κB | (46) |
| SNHG1 | Breast cancer | Treg cell | Tissue | miR-448, Foxp3, IDO | (34) |
| HISLA | Breast cancer | TAM | Cell line | HIF-1α, lactate | (40) |
| HOTAIR | Cervical cancer | Tumor cell | Tissue, cell line | miR-148a, HLA-G | (47) |
| CASC9 | Cervical cancer | Tumor cell | Tissue, cell line | miR-215/TWIST2 signaling, TGF-β | (48) |
| GAS5 | CRC | Tumor cell | Tissue, serum, cell line | NF-κB, ERK1/2 pathways | (49) |
| MALAT1 | CRC | Tumor cell | Cell line | CCL5, MALAT-1/Snail pathway | (42) |
| lnc-sox5 | CRC | Tumor cell | Tissue, cell line | IDO | (50) |
| MALAT1 | DLBCL | Tumor cell | Tissue, cell line | miR-195, PD-L1 | (51) |
| NIFK-AS1 | Endometrial cancer | TAM | Tissue | miR-146a, Notch1 | (52) |
| SNHG20 | ESCC | Tumor cell | Tissue, cell line | ATM-JAK-PD-L1 pathway | (53) |
| DNM3OS | ESCC | Tumor cell | Tissue | PDGFβ-DGFRβ/FOXO1 pathway | (54) |
| UCA1 | Glioblastoma | Tumor cell | Cell line | CXCL14 | (55) |
| CASC2c | GBM | Tumor cell | Tissue, cell line | Coagulation factor X, miR-338-3p, ERK1/2, AKT | (56) |
| HOTAIR | Gastric cancer | Tumor cell | Tissue | miR-152, HLA-G | (57) |
| UCA1 | Gastric cancer | Tumor cell | Tissue | miR-193a, miR-214, PD-L1 | (58) |
| Lnc-SGK1 | Gastric cancer | Infiltrating lymphocyte | Tissue | SGK1 | (59) |
| Linc-POU3F3 | Gastric cancer | Treg cell | PBMCs | TGF-β | (60) |
| FENDRR | HCC | Tumor cell | Tissue | miR-423-5p | (61) |
| lncTCF7 | HCC | Tumor cell | Cell line | IL-6, STAT3 | (62) |
| TUC339 | HCC | Tumor cell, macrophage | Cell line | NA | (37) |
| Lnc-Tim3 | HCC | CD8+ T cell | Tissue | TIM-3 | (63) |
| lnc-EGFR | HCC | Treg | Tissue | EGFR, Foxp3 | (64) |
| NEAT1 | HCC | CD8+ T | PBMCs | miR-155, TIM-3 | (65) |
| lincRNA-Cox2 | HCC | M1 and M2 macrophage | Macrophages | NA | (66) |
| GAS5 | Liver cancer | NK cell | Tissue | miR-544, RUNX3 | (67) |
| Pvt1 | LLC | Granulocytic MDSC | Tissue | NA | (68) |
| MALAT1 | Lung cancer | Tumor cell | Tissue | miR-200a-3p, PD-L1 | (69) |
| NKX2-1-AS1 | Lung cancer | Tumor cell | Tissue, cell line | NKX2-1, PD-L1 | (70) |
| MALAT1 | Lung cancer | MDSC | PBMCs | NA | (71) |
| HOTAIRM1 | Lung cancer | MDSC | MDSCs and PBMCs | HOXA1 | (72) |
| RUNXOR | Lung cancer | MDSC | Tissue and PBMCs | RUNX1 | (73) |
| AFAP1-AS1 | NPC | Infiltrating lymphocyte | Tissue | PD-1 | (74) |
| LIMT | Ovarian cancer | Tumor cell | Cell line | EGF, EGFR-ERK signaling pathway | (75) |
| Lnc-CAF | OSCC | CAF and tumor cell | CAFs from tissue | IL-33 | (38) |
| LncRNA-MM2P | Osteosarcom | M2 macrophage | Cell line | NA | (76) |
| LINC00473 | Pancreatic cancer | Tumor cell | Tissue, cell line | miRNA-195-5p, PD-L1 | (77) |
| MALAT1 | Prostate cancer | Tumor cell | Tissue | IL-8, STAT3 | (78) |
| CCAT1 | Prostate cancer | M2 macrophage | Cell line | miR-148a, PKCζ | (79) |
| MALAT1 | Thyroid cancer | TAM | Tissue, cell line | FGF2 | (80) |
| LINK-A | TNBC | Tumor cell | Tissue | PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, GPCR-PKA pathway, TRIM71 | (26) |
| lnc-chop | Variable | MDSC | MDSCs | CHOP, C/EBPβ | (81) |
Variable, 1D8 ovarian cancer, 4T1 breast cancer, B16 melanoma, and Lewis lung cancer cells; CRC, Colorectal cancer; DLBCL, diffuse large B cell lymphoma; ESCC, Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; TNBC, Triple-negative breast cancer; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; GBM, Glioblastoma multiforme; NPC, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma; OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma; LLC, Lewis lung carcinoma; BCBM, Breast cancer brain metastasis.