Table 3.

Expert panel recommendations for the diagnosis, screening, and prevention of CMV infection.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DIAGNOSIS
Primary infection in pregnant women	IgG, IgM, IgG avidity if positive IgM and IgG
Non-primary infection in pregnant women	No tools validated
Fetal infection	CMV PCR in amniotic fluid after 20 weeks and more than 8 weeks after presumed onset of maternal primary infection
Neonatal infection	CMV PCR in saliva or urine collected in the first 3 weeks of life
Retrospective diagnosis in toddlers with compatible symptoms	CMV PCR in neonatal DBS
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SCREENING AND PREVENTION
Primary prevention of maternal primary infection	Information for pregnant women on cCMV and application of hygienic measures to prevent maternal infection
Infection in pregnant women	No recommendation for screening Information for pregnant women on cCMV and application of hygienic measures to prevent maternal infection
Universal neonatal screening	No recommendation
Targeted testing in neonates who failed universal hearing screening	CMV PCR in saliva (if positive, confirm in urine or by DBS PCR if the infant is > 3 weeks of age)

(c)CMV, (congenital) cytomegalovirus; DBS, dried blood spot; Ig, immunoglobulin; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.