Table 1.
Data extraction table
| Study | Sample size | Presentation of tendinopathy | Additional factors associated with inflammationa | Site | QA | Method (cells) | Inflammatory cell + b | Cell types | Method (markers) | Inflammatory markers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campbell 2014 [13] | 18 | Partial tear | Mean number of steroid injections 1.5 | RC | 8/11 | IHC | 100% | MP | qPCR | IL-21 receptor protein and mRNA |
| Cetti 2003 [14] | 60 | Rupture | High activity level | AT | 8/11 | IHC | 100% | NP | n/a | n/a |
| Dakin 2015 [15] | 32 | Pain or partial tear | n/a | RC | 9/11 | IHC | 100% | MP | n/a | n/a |
| Dakin 2017 [16] | 17 | Pain or rupture | n/a | AT | 7/11 | IHC | 100% | MP | qPCR, IF | IL-8 mRNA, protein |
| Hackett 2016 [17] | 39 | Calcific | n/a | RC | 9/11 | IHC | 100% | MP, TC, MC | n/a | n/a |
| Klatte-schulz 2018 [18] | 26 | Pain or ruptures | High activity level | AT | 8/11 | IHC | 88% | MP, NS | qPCR | IL-6, IL-10, IL-33. IL1B, TNFa, TGFB1, COX-2 |
| Kragsnaes 2014 [19] | 50 | Pain | 44% received steroid injection | AT | 9/11 | IHC | 96% | MP, TC, MC, NKC | n/a | n/a |
| Matthews 2006 [20] | 38 | Rupture | Mean number of steroid injections 1.8 | RC | 8/11 | IHC | 100% | MP, TC, MC | n/a | n/a |
| Millar 2010 [21] | 20 | Pain or partial tear | High activity level with mean number of 1.5 steroid injections | RC | 8/11 | IHC | 100% | MP, TC, MC | n/a | n/a |
| Millar 2012 [22] | 15 | Pain or partial tear | High activity level with mean number of 1.6 steroid injections | RC | 8/11 | IHC | 100% | MP, TC, MC | IHC, qPCR | IL-6, IL-8 protein and mRNA |
| Millar 2016 [23] | 10 | Pain or partial tear | High activity level with mean number of 1.7 steroid injections | RC | 7/11 | IHC | 100% | MP, TC, MC | qPCR | IL-17A mRNA |
| Mosca 2017 [24] | 13 | Pain | n/a | RC | 9/11 | IHC | 100% | MP | qPCR | IL-33 protein |
| Pecina 2010 [25] | 34 | Pain | n/a | PT | 8/11 | IHC | 100% | NS | n/a | n/a |
| Schubert 2005 [26] | 10 | Pain or rupture | 40% received steroid injection | AT | 6/11 | IHC | 80% | MP, TC, GC | n/a | n/a |
| Scott 2008 [27] | 22 | Pain | n/a | PT | 7/11 | IHC | 23% | MC | n/a | n/a |
| Thankam 2017 [28] | 15 | Pain or partial tear | Glenohumeral arthritis observed | LHBT | 7/11 | IHC | 27% | MP, NP | n/a | n/a |
| Åström 1995 [29] | 145 | Pain or partial tear | n/a | AT | 6/11 | H&E | 9% | NS | n/a | n/a |
| Gaida 2012 [30] | 23 | Pain | n/a | AT | 8/11 | H&E | 0% | / | ELISA | TNFa protein |
| Gumina 2006 [31] | 38 | Partial tear | n/a | RC | 10/11 | H&E | 100% | MP, LC | n/a | n/a |
| Kannus 1991 [32] | 891 | Rupture | n/a | Various | 9/11 | H&E | 0% | / | n/a | n/a |
| Khan 1996 [33] | 28 | Pain | n/a | PT | 9/11 | H&E | 0% | / | n/a | n/a |
| Lian 2007 [34] | 23 | Pain | n/a | PT | 7/11 | H&E | 0% | / | n/a | n/a |
| Ljung 1999 [35] | 6 | Pain | n/a | ECRB | 6/11 | H&E | 0% | / | n/a | n/a |
| Longo 2008 [36] | 88 | Rupture | n/a | RC | 8/11 | H&E | 0% | / | n/a | n/a |
| Longo 2009 [37] | 51 | Rupture | n/a | LHBT | 8/11 | H&E | 0% | / | n/a | n/a |
| Popp 1997 [38] | 11 | Pain | n/a | PT | 5/11 | H&E | 0% | / | n/a | n/a |
| Potter 1995 [39] | 20 | Pain | n/a | ECRB | 7/11 | H&E | 0% | / | n/a | n/a |
| Rolf 1997 [40] | 60 | Pain | 72% received NSAIDs and 27% received steroid injection | AT | 8/11 | H&E | 0% | / | n/a | n/a |
| Rolf 2017 [41] | 20 | Rupture |
Sign of infection in 40% (bacteria), 5% received steroid injection 7/20 high activity level |
AT | 9/11 | H&E | 50% | MP, TC, MC | n/a | n/a |
| Shalabi 2002 [42] | 15 | Pain | n/a | AT | 8/11. | H&E | 0% | / | n/a | n/a |
| Singaraju 2008 [43] | 6 | Pain | n/a | LHBT | 6/11 | H&E | 100% | NS | n/a | n/a |
| Tillander 2002 [44] | 23 | Pain, partial tear or rupture | n/a | RC | 6/11. | H&E | 0% | / | n/a | n/a |
| Zabrzynski 2017 [45] | 35 | Pain | n/a | LHBT | 9/11 | H&E | 9% | NS | n/a | n/a |
| Ackermann 2013 [46] | 18 | Rupture | n/a | AT | 7/11 | n/a | n/a | / | MD | IL-12, IL-17, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 protein |
| Alfredson 2000 [47] | 4 | Pain | n/a | ECRB | 6/11 | n/a | n/a | / | MD | PGE2 |
| Alfredson 2003 [48] | 10 | Pain | n/a | AT | 7/11 | n/a | n/a | / | MA | IL 1–6, 10–15 mRNA |
| Alfredson 2001 [49] | 10 | Pain | n/a | PT | 7/11 | H&E | n/a | NS | MD | PGE2 |
| Alfredsson 1999 [50] | 5 | Pain | n/a | AT | 6/11 | n/a | n/a | / | MD | PGE2 |
| Chaudhury 2016 [51] | 16 | Pain | n/a | RC | 8/11 | n/a | n/a | / | qPCR | IL-8 mRNA |
| Dean 2015 [52] | 9 | Pain | 100% received steroid injection | RC | 7/11 | n/a | n/a | / | qPCR | TNF-a, IL-1b mRNA |
| Fabis 2014 [53] | 9 | Rupture | n/a | RC | 7/11 | n/a | n/a | / | qPCR | TNF-a, IL-10 mRNA |
| Fu 2002 [54] | 11 | Pain | n/a | PT | 7/11 | n/a | 0% | / | IHC, WB | COX-2, TGF-b protein, PGE2 |
| Gilmer 2015 [55] | 62 | Pain or partial tear | n/a | LHBT | 9/11 | H&E | n/a | NS | n/a | n/a |
| Jelinsky 2011 [56] | 23 | Pain, tear, or rupture | 52% received steroid injection | Various | 8/11 | n/a | 0% | / | qPCR | IL13A2, FGFR1, FGFR2, IL-17D mRNA |
| Jozsa 1980 [57] | 120 | Rupture or calcific | n/a | Various | 8/11 | H&E | n/a | NS | n/a | n/a |
| Legerlotz 2012 [58] | 20 | Pain or rupture | n/a | AT PT | 7/11 | n/a | n/a | / | qPCR | COX-2, IL6, IL6R mRNA |
| Millar 2015 [59] | 17 | Pain or partial tear | n/a | RC | 8/11 | n/a | n/a | / | qPCR | IL-33 mRNA |
| Pingel 2012 [60] | 14 | Pain | 100% received steroid injection | AT | 8/11 | n/a | n/a | / | qPCR | COX-1, IL-1R, TGF-B1, bFGF mRNA |
| Pingel 2013 [61] | 27 | Pain | 100% received steroid injection | AT | 8/11 | n/a | n/a | / | qPCR | IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, COX-2, TGF-b, TNF-a mRNA |
| Robertson 2012 [62] | 35 | Partial tear or rupture | n/a | RC | 8/11 | n/a | n/a | / | qPCR | IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a, COX-2 mRNA |
| Shindle 2011 [63] | 24 | Partial tear or Rupture | Joint inflammation | RC | 8/11 | n/a | n/a | / | qPCR | IL-1b, IL-6, COX-2, TNF-a mRNA |
| Takeuchi 2001 [64] | 7 | Calcific | n/a | RC | 5/11 | IHC | n/a | MP | n/a | n/a |
| Waugh 2015 [65] | 10 | Pain | n/a | AT PT | 7/11 | n/a | n/a | / | MD | IL-1b, IL-2, IL-6,IL-8, IL-10 protein |
Table sorted by method used to detect the presence of inflammatory cells
Locations: AT Achilles tendon, PT patellar tendon, RC rotator cuff tendon, QT Quadriceps tendon, LHBT Long head biceps tendon, ECRB extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon, CF Common flexor tendon, CE Common extensor tendon, various (studies with specimens from more than 3 locations)
Cells: MP Macrophages, MC Mast-cells, TC T-cells, LC Lymphocytes, NP Neutrophils, GC granulocytes, NKC NK-cells, NS not specified
Detection method: H&E Hematoxylin & Eosin, qPCR quantitative polymerase chain reaction, IHC immunohistochemistry, IF immunofluorescence, MD Micro-dialysis, WB western blot, EIA enzyme immunoassay, ELISA Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay
a Additional factors associated with inflammation description on patient subgroup and previous treatments
bInflammatory cell + refers to the percentage of specimens showing at least 1 kind of inflammatory cells, regardless of typing