Table 2.
Summary Table for Included Studies - Toddlers (12–35.9mo; n = 20)
| Authors (Year) | Study Design | Sample Size, Mean Age (mo; SD), Range | Average Wear-Time min/day (SD), Non-Wear Criteria | Monitoring Time | Accelerometer Type, Placement, Epoch Length | Cut-Points | Physical Activity min/day (SD) | Sedentary Time min/day (SD) | Study Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia (n = 4) | |||||||||
| Hnatiuk et al. (2012) [23] | Cluster RCT | N = 295 | 586.4 (65.1), ≥20 min of consecutive zeros | Waking hours, 7 days | ActiGraph GT1M, Waist, 15-s | Trost et al. | TPAΦ = 232.4 (34.1) | NR | 10 |
| Age = 19.1 (2.3), NR | |||||||||
| LPA = 184.5 (30.7) | |||||||||
| MVPA = 47.9 (16.2) | |||||||||
| Hnatiuk et al. (2017) [47] | Cross-sectional | N = 136 | 658.6 (94.8), ≥20 min of consecutive zeros | Waking hours, 7 days | ActiGraph GT3X, Waist, 15-s | Trost et al. | TPA = 303.8 (53.9) | NR | 8 |
| Age = 32.4 (10.2), 12–36 | |||||||||
| LPA = 228.4 (34.8) | |||||||||
| MVPA = 75.4 (27.3) | |||||||||
| Oftedal et al. (2015) [48] | Cohort | N = 20 | 571 (72), Consecutive zeros matching accelerometer logged ‘device removal’ | Waking hours, 3 days | ActiGraph GT3X, Waist, 5-s | Oftedal et al. | NR | 279.8 (28.6) Φ | 9 |
| Age = 26.4 (6.0), 18–36 | |||||||||
| Santos et al. (2017) [24] | RCT | N = 202 | 1297.4 (93), Accelerometer logged ‘device removal’ (only full 24 h days included in analyses) | 24 h, 7 days | ActiGraph GT3X+, Waist, 15-s | Trost et al. | TPA = 295.0 (59.0) | 262.8 (60.2) | 10 |
| Age = 19.7 (4.1), 12–28 | |||||||||
| LPA = 237.7 (44.2) | |||||||||
| MVPA = 57.3 (21.4) | |||||||||
| Canada (n = 4) | |||||||||
| Bisson et al. (2018) [44] | Cohort | N = 255 | 527.1 (174.0), ≥20 min of consecutive zeros | Waking hours, 7 days | ActiGraph GT3X, Waist, 15-s | Trost et al. | TPA = 223.3 (80.4) | NR | 10 |
| Age = 25.2 (2.4), NR | |||||||||
| Borkhoff et al. (2015) [45] | Cross-sectional | N = 27 | 582 (48), ≥60 min of consecutive zeros | 12 h, 7 days | Actical, Waist, 2-s | Adolph et al. | TPA = 193.8 (63.7) | 385.9 (52.4) | 10 |
| Age = 19.1 (5.3), 12–30 | |||||||||
| Wong et al. | LPA = 185.1 (57) | ||||||||
| MVPA = 8.7 (12) | |||||||||
| Lee et al. (2017) [29] | Cross-sectional | N = 151 | 618 (84), ≥20 min of consecutive zeros | Waking hours, 7 days | ActiGraph wGT3X-BT, Waist, 15-s | Trost et al. | TPA = 298.9 (40.9) | 316.7 (40.6) | 9 |
| Age = 19 (1.9), 12–23 | Pate et al. | ||||||||
| LPA = 240.2 (29.3) | |||||||||
| MVPA = 58.7 (18.7) | |||||||||
| Vanderloo et al. (2015) [46] | Cross-sectional | N = 40 | 606.8 (38.8), ≥60 min of consecutive zeros | Waking hours, 7 days | Actical, Waist, 15-s | Trost et al. | TPAΦ = 107.2 (33.3) | 499.43 (33.3) Φ | 10 |
| Age = 25.7 (5.9), 18–29 | |||||||||
| LPAΦ = 99.0 (29.3) | |||||||||
| MVPAΦ = 8.29 (7.3) | |||||||||
| China (n = 1) | |||||||||
| Johansson et al. (2016) [28] | Cross-sectional | N = 79 | NR - min 15 h to be valid, NR | 15 h, 7 days | ActiGraph GT3X, Wrist, 5-s | Johansson et al. | TPAΦ = 235 (83.2) | 545.0 (99.0) | 10 |
| Age = 24.5 (1.6), NR | |||||||||
| LPA = 195.0 (79.0) | |||||||||
| MVPA = 40.0 (26.0) | |||||||||
| Malawi (n = 1) | |||||||||
| Pulakka et al. (2017) [50] | RCT | N = 380 | 810, ≥20 min of consecutive zeros | 15 h, 5 days | ActiGraph GT3X+, Waist, 15-s | Trost et al. | MVPAΦ = 89.9 (28.4) | 432.5 (66.4) Φ | 10 |
| Age = 18.1 (0.6), NR | |||||||||
| Netherlands (n = 1) | |||||||||
| Wijtzes et al. (2013) [27] | Cohort | N = 347 | 488, ≥10 min of consecutive zeros | 24 h, 1 weekday, 1 weekend day | ActiGraph Am-7164, Waist, 15-s | Sirard et al. | TPAΦ = 72.9 (28.3) | 415.1 (28.3) Φ | 9 |
| Age = 25.1 (1.1), NR | |||||||||
| LPAΦ = 48.5 (16.1) | |||||||||
| MVPAΦ = 24.4 (14.6) | |||||||||
| New Zealand (n = 1) | |||||||||
| Taylor et al. (2018) [25] | RCT | N = 568 | NR - min 20 h to be valid, ≥20 min of consecutive zeros | 24 h, 7 days | Actical, Waist, 15-s | Pfeiffer et al. | TPAΦ = 228.0 (61.4) | 519.8 (62.0) δ | 9 |
| Ageδ = 16.7 (0.3), 12–35.9 | |||||||||
| Adolph et al. | LPAδ = 221.5 (61.0) | ||||||||
| Trost et al. | MVPAδ = 6.5 (7.1) | ||||||||
| Sweden (n = 1) | |||||||||
| Johansson et al. (2016) [28] | Cross-sectional | N = 146 | NR - min 15 h to be valid, NR | 15 h, 7 days | ActiGraph GT3X, Wrist, 5-s | Johansson et al. | TPAΦ = 334.0 (40.2) | 445.0 (68.0) | 10 |
| Age = 24.4 (1.2), NR | |||||||||
| LPA = 261.0 (49.0) | |||||||||
| MVPA = 73.0 (29.0) | |||||||||
| Switzerland (n = 1) | |||||||||
| Herzig et al. (2017) [33] | Cross-sectional | N = 19 | NR - min 10 h to be valid, ≥20 min of consecutive zeros | 14 h, 8 days | ActiGraph wGT3X, Waist, 30-s | Butte et al. | MVPA = 54.8 (NR) | NR | 8 |
| Age = 33.6 (NR), 31.2–34.8 | |||||||||
| United States (n = 6) | |||||||||
| Armstrong et al. (2018) [36] | Cross-sectional | N = 195 | NR - min 24 h to be valid, NR | 24 h, 7 days | Actical, Ankle, 60-s | Hager et al. | NR | 172.7 (39.6) | 10 |
| Age = 20.3 (5.6), 12–32 | |||||||||
| Dlugonski et al. (2017) [37] | Cross-sectional | N = 7 | 672.4 (74), Accelerometer logged ‘device removal’ | Waking hours, 7 days | ActiGraph GT3X, Waist, 60-s | Trost et al. | TPAΦ = 294.2 (64.9) | NR | 9 |
| Age = NR, 12.0–35.9 | |||||||||
| LPA = 257.4 (61.3) | |||||||||
| MVPA = 36.8 (21.3) | |||||||||
| Hager et al. (2016) [38] | Cross-sectional | N = 191 | NR - min 24 h to be valid, NR | 24 h, 7 days | Actical, Ankle, 60-s | Hager et al. | TPAΦ = 636.5 (96.4) | NR | 9 |
| Age = 20.1 (NR), 12–32 | |||||||||
| LPA = 582.4 (87.5) | |||||||||
| MVPA = 54.1 (40.4) | |||||||||
| Hauck & Kim (2019) [41] | Cross-sectional | N = 35 | 503.8 (146.4)δ, ≥20 min of consecutive zeros | At least 3 h, at least 3 days (avg. 6.0 monitoring days δ) | ActiGraph GT3X | Trost et al. | NR | 348.0 (95.3) δ | 10 |
| Age = NR, 18-24 | Waist, 15-s | ||||||||
| Kwon et al. (2019) [42] | Cross-sectional | N = 19 | 499.0a (NR), Accelerometer logged ‘device removal’ and ≥ 20 min of consecutive zeros | Waking hours, at least 4 days (1 weekend day) | ActiGraph GT3X | Trost et al. | TPAΦ = 208.0 (30.0) | NR | 10 |
| Age = NR, 12-35 | Waist, 15-s | ||||||||
| LPA = 161.0 (26.0) | |||||||||
| MVPA = 47.0 (15.0) | |||||||||
| McCullough et al. (2018) [43] | Cross-sectional | N = 65 | 606 (78), ≥20 min of consecutive zeros | Waking hours, 7 days | ActiGraph, Waist, 15-s | Trost et al. | TPA = 293.7 (60.1) | 312.6 (61.3) | 10 |
| Age = 29 (4), 24–35 | |||||||||
| LPAΦ = 232.4 (53.4) | |||||||||
| MVPA = 61.3 (27.6) | |||||||||
| Other - Europe (Multi-Country: Italy, Estonia, Belgium, Sweden, Germany, Hungary, Spain; n = 1) | |||||||||
| Konstabel et al. (2014) [26] | Cohort | N = 131 | 740 (100), ≥20 min of consecutive zeros | Waking hours, at least 3 days (1 weekend day) | ActiGraph (GT1M, ActiTrainer), Waist, 15-s and 60-s | Evenson et al. | TPAδ = 435.8 (60.3) | 239.2 (68.8) δ | 9 |
| Age = NR, 24–35.9 | |||||||||
| LPAδ = 411. 8 (58.9) | |||||||||
| MVPAδ = 24.0 (13.1) | |||||||||
RCT randomized control trial, mo months, TPA total physical activity, LPA light physical activity, MVPA moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity, NR not reported; ΦCalculation made to produce value; δWeighted mean produced; aMedian wear time