Table 2.

Unadjusted mean round trip travel times (in minutes) by rural-urban category and individual, provider, and clinical characteristic

	All (n = 197,498)	Metro (n = 175,184)	Rural RUCC 4–6 (n = 19,346)	P value (metro vs. rural RUCC 4–6)	Rural RUCC 7–9 (n = 2968)	P value (metro vs. rural RUCC7–9)	P value (rural RUCC 4–6 vs. rural RUCC 7–9)
Overall	48.1	41.5	95.6	< 0.001	128.9	< 0.001	< 0.001
Ages < 40	56.4	48.7	117.6	< 0.001	150.7	< 0.001	0.001
Ages 40–64	52.6	45.4	107.5	< 0.001	150.9	< 0.001	< 0.001
Ages 65+	44.3	38.1	86.5	< 0.001	114.4	< 0.001	< 0.001
Male	51.8	44.7	99.3	< 0.001	139.0	< 0.001	< 0.001
Female	44.5	38.4	91.6	< 0.001	117.6	< 0.001	< 0.001
White	51.1	44.0	95.8	< 0.001	129.0	< 0.001	< 0.001
Non-white	24.4	23.6	81.2	< 0.001	87.1	< 0.001	0.683
Race missing	48.6	44.9	107.5	< 0.001	188.4	< 0.001	0.001
Non-Hispanic	48.3	41.4	96.6	< 0.001	127.9	< 0.001	< 0.001
Hispanic	28.8	27.0	89.2	< 0.001	140.0	< 0.001	0.034
Hispanic missing	49.3	46.3	76.4	< 0.001	176.5	< 0.001	< 0.001
Private insurance	52.9	46.2	108.3	< 0.001	151.9	< 0.001	< 0.001
Uninsured	43.9	36.8	91.9	< 0.001	128.9	< 0.001	0.017
Medicaid	43.1	34.9	104.3	< 0.001	148.7	< 0.001	< 0.001
Medicare	45.8	39.2	88.2	< 0.001	114.4	< 0.001	< 0.001
Dual-eligible	39.4	30.6	81.2	< 0.001	103.6	< 0.001	0.001
Other insurance	46.9	41.6	92.4	< 0.001	162.0	< 0.001	< 0.001
Travel time to nearest facility (minutes)
25th percentile	29.7	25.5	72.5	< 0.001	119.6	< 0.001	< 0.001
75th percentile	78.7	67.6	111.6	< 0.001	139.9	< 0.001	< 0.001
Chronological facility number
25th percentile	47.6	41.1	94.4		127.2
75th percentile	48.1	41.5	95.6		128.9
US News hospital score
25th percentile	41.3	38.6	51.5	< 0.001	63.7	< 0.001	< 0.001
75th percentile	69.0	57.8	189.9	< 0.001	296.7	< 0.001	< 0.001
US News hospital score missing	41.3	38.6	51.5		63.7
Volume of cases 2010–2014 at facility attended (in 100’s)				< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
25th percentile	37.2	34.3	46.5	< 0.001	60.8	< 0.001	< 0.001
75th percentile	68.7	57.6	143.6	< 0.001	198.0	< 0.001	< 0.001
Other digestive	53.6	45.7	113.5	< 0.001	166.0	< 0.001	< 0.001
Lung/bronchus	41.9	35.3	90.0	< 0.001	132.5	< 0.001	< 0.001
Colorectal	38.9	33.4	75.6	< 0.001	92.6	< 0.001	< 0.001
Prostate	58.1	51.4	101.3	< 0.001	153.0	< 0.001	< 0.001
Female breast	38.9	34.7	74.1	< 0.001	87.4	< 0.001	< 0.001
Cervical/uterine	54.5	44.9	135.7	< 0.001	171.7	< 0.001	0.143
Oral/pharyngeal	59.2	51.8	110.1	< 0.001	148.1	< 0.001	< 0.001
Ovarian	58.6	49.1	128.9	< 0.001	180.2	< 0.001	0.001
Thyroid	57.7	48.7	122.8	< 0.001	180.3	< 0.001	< 0.001
Melanoma	57.7	51.2	107.3	< 0.001	91.1	< 0.001	0.008
Other urological	50.1	41.9	102.7	< 0.001	152.2	< 0.001	< 0.001
Local	50.3	43.9	95.9	< 0.001	127.1	< 0.001	< 0.001
Regional	48.7	41.5	101.3	< 0.001	143.1	< 0.001	< 0.001
Distant	43.2	36.3	93.0	< 0.001	131.1	< 0.001	< 0.001
Unknown stage	36.7	33.6	57.4	< 0.001	57.8	< 0.001	0.951
Non-mutually exclusive treatment categories
Chemotherapy	46.4	40.1	96.9	< 0.001	121.1	< 0.001	< 0.001
Radiation therapy	47.6	42.2	90.2	< 0.001	119.6	< 0.001	< 0.001
Surgery	49.7	42.7	99.7	< 0.001	132.6	< 0.001	< 0.001
Immunotherapy	45.6	40.9	95.1	< 0.001	93.9	< 0.001	0.898
Hormone therapy	48.5	42.5	95.4	< 0.001	115.9	< 0.001	< 0.001