Fig. 10.

The graphical model of the effect of Sphingomonas SaMR12 inoculation on the antioxidative response to Cd stress in B. juncea. Arrows in red and blue indicate the upregulating effect and the downregulating effect, respectively. The mechanisms by which SaMR12alleviated Cd-induced abiotic stress involved 1) lipid peroxidation mitigation through reducing H₂O₂ content, MDA content and O₂•⁻ levels; 2) promotion of the activities of antioxidative enzymes such as SOD, POD, CAT and APX; 3) reductions in non-enzymatic antioxidant content such as proline; and 4) activation of the GSH-AsA cycle