Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Cohort at Time of COPD Diagnosis, Comparing Patients Alive at End of Follow-Up to Those Who Deceased During the Study Period (n (%) Unless Otherwise Stated)
| Alive | Deceased | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N=11,969) | (N=5776) | ||
| Male gender | 5346 (44.7) | 3026 (52.4) | <0.001 |
| Age (years, mean±SD) | 64.5±10.9 | 74.6±9.5 | <0.001 |
| Higher educationa | 6209 (54.6) | 1261 (25.8) | <0.001 |
| Marital status: singlea | 3219 (28.3) | 1863 (38.1) | <0.001 |
| Yearly incomea (SEK, median) | 131,000 | 111,000 | <0.001 |
| Born in Sweden | 10,162 (85.1) | 5155 (88.6) | <0.001 |
| Exacerbation(s)b | 4435 (37.1) | 1673 (29.0) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia(s)b | 1024 (8.6) | 696 (12.1) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 689 (5.8) | 1081 (18.7) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 478 (4.0) | 418 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 864 (7.2) | 732 (12.7) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 624 (5.2) | 561 (9.7) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 3117 (26.0) | 1406 (24.3) | 0.015 |
| Diabetes | 1027 (8.6) | 647 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 295 (2.5) | 228 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 1352 (11.3) | 419 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 2346 (19.6) | 1038 (18.0) | 0.010 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score (mean; median [interquartile range]) |
0.86; 0 [0, 1] | 1.33; 1 [0, 2] | <0.001 |
| ICS | 2922 (24.4) | 1340 (23.2) | 0.078 |
| LAMA | 2549 (21.3) | 1465 (25.4) | <0.001 |
| LABA | 1371 (11.5) | 649 (11.2) | 0.687 |
| ICS/LABA, fixed combination | 1993 (16.7) | 606 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| N-acetylcysteine | 5358 (44.8) | 2304 (39.9) | <0.001 |
| Oral steroids | 2525 (21.1) | 1060 (18.4) | <0.001 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 2310 (19.3) | 1330 (23.0) | <0.001 |
| ACEi | 1530 (12.8) | 847 (14.7) | 0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 2848 (23.8) | 1242 (21.5) | 0.001 |
| ARB | 1230 (10.3) | 424 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 2653 (22.2) | 1906 (33.0) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 2048 (17.1) | 590 (10.2) | <0.001 |
| Bisphosphonates | 358 (3.0) | 199 (3.5) | 0.108 |
| SSRI | 2009 (16.8) | 723 (12.5) | <0.001 |
Notes: aData available for 16,251 patients. bDuring the two years preceding baseline.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; SEK, Swedish crowns; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; LABA, long-acting beta-2-agonists; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin-II receptor blockers; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.