Fig 3. Effect of interventions on frailty status.

A) Shows Risk ratio (RR, square data markers) with 95% confidence intervals (CI, horizontal lines) for meta-analysis of change in frailty status (dichotomised to not frail vs. frail; events indicate individuals whose status did not change) for interventions using exercise plus nutrition supplements or nutrition supplements alone. B) Shows RR with 95% CI for meta-analysis of change in prevalence of frailty (dichotomised to not frail vs. frail; events indicate frail individuals) for interventions using exercise plus nutrition education, exercise only, and comprehensive geriatric assessment. Size of data markers indicates study weighting in random effects meta-analysis. Diamond-shaped data markers indicate overall RR and CI for each grouping of interventions. I² statistic is reported for each group. Left side favours intervention.