Table 1:

Different Types and Effects of Dietary Restriction Regimens.

Types of Dietary Restriction Regimens	Description	Effects on Lifespan	Effects on Diseases	References
Caloric Restriction	Sustained eating pattern involving a reduction in day-to-day caloric intake by an approximation of 15% to 40% as compared to ad libitum (AL) counterparts. Notably, this method of CR does not result in malnutrition.	Increase	Neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer diseases and Parkinson’s diseases) Promotion of Intestinal health Osteoporosis Arthritis Cardiovascular diseases (heart and stroke) Obesity Diabetes Sarcopenia Cancer	Bales and Kraus, 2013; Crowelll and Animal, 1935; Heilbronn and Ravussin, 2003; Harvey-Berino, 1999; Colman et al., 2008; Cruzen and Colman, 2009; Marzetti et al., 2009; Devlin et al., 2010; Han and Ren, 2010; Srivastava and Haigis, 2011; Zanto et al., 2011, 2011; Manzanero et al., 2011; O’Flanagan et al., 2017; Prehn et al., 2017; Pifferi et al., 2018; Yousefi et al., 2018; De Lucia et al., 2018; Duszka et al., 2018; Radakovich et al., 2019; Taylor, 2019.
Intermittent Fasting	IF involves the manipulation in the temporal consumption of meals while maintaining isocaloric consumption. Different variants of IF are reported. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is defined as daily meal consumption is restricted to a fixed window (such as a period of four to twelve hours) and nothing is being consumed past this window. Alternate-day fasting (ADF) extend the consumption of no or minimal calories (25% of energy needs) with an alternation of 24-hour fasting and 24-hour AL consumption. 5:2 eating pattern is where unrestricted eating happens for five days followed by two days of consumption of no or minimal calories.	Increase	Neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer diseases) Cardiovascular diseases (heart and stroke) Obesity Diabetes Cancer	Ganesan et al., 2018; Gabel et al., 2018; Stekovic et al., 2019;Wijngaarden et al., 2013; Collier, 2013; Fann et al., 2014, 2017; Chausse et al., 2015; Patterson et al., 2015; Wegman et al., 2015; Harvie and Howell, 2017; Anton et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2018; Groot et al., 2019.
Fasting Mimicking Diets	Periodic fasting regimen that involves a monthly reduction in caloric intake through low carbohydrate and low protein consumption (~30% of energy needs) for five consecutive days and AL eating for the remaining calendar days, or it can be practised on a bimonthly basis.	No change in lifespan but extend health span	Neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Parkinson diseases) Intestinal diseases (e.g. Inflammatory bowel diseases) Reduce aging and disease markers involved in diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases.	Brandhorst et al., 2015; Wei et al., 2017, 2018; Cheng et al., 2018; Enyati et al., 2019.