Table 1. Contents of Mn valence states in bulk and on surface.

Quantification values are based on fitting the Mn-L mRIXS-iPFY (for bulk) and sXAS-TEY (for surface) spectra. Capacity contribution of Mn redox (MnR) is then calculated directly based on the bulk Mn valence state changes. (Fitting results with standard deviations are in tables S1 and S2.) In addition, Mn capacity contribution from electrochemistry is obtained by extracting the capacity of the cycling profile in the range with Mn-L spectral changes (Fig. 2C).