Table III. Cardiometabolic profile parameters recorded at all 885 first visits (229 males, 550 females), analyzed by using mixed model analysis unstratified for sex of the offspring.
| Outcomes | PCOS: n = 298 | Controls: n = 587 |
Basic model – Estimated difference: PCOS versus controls (95%CI) |
P | Adjusted model – Estimated difference: PCOS versus controls (95%CI) | Adjusted P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (±) | ||||||
| Anthropometrics | ||||||
| Birth weight (g) | 3446(653) | 3555(554) | −129(−208 to −51) | <0.01*** | −116(−195 to −38) | <0.01*** |
| BMI SDS (WHO references) | 0.84(1.25) | 0.64(1.13) | 0.03(−0.05 to 0.12) | 0.68 | 0.03(−0.14 to 0.19) | 0.74 |
| Waist to height ratio (WtHR) | 0.08(1.21) | 0.08(1.01) | 0.03(−0.13 to 0.19) | 0.70 | 0.03(−0.13 to 0.18) | 0.73 |
| Waist SDS | 0.21(3.39) | 0.00(1.01) | 0.02(−0.14 to 0.18) | 0.81 | 0.01(−0.15 to 0.18) | 0.87 |
| SBP SDS | −0.15(1.25) | −0.16(1.16) | 0.12(−0.04 to 0.29) | 0.15 | 0.14(−0.03 to 0.31) | 0.11 |
| Endocrine markers | ||||||
| Fasting glucose SDS | −0.03(0.96) | −0.04(0.99) | 0.04(−0.14 to 0.22) | 0.68 | 0.04(−0.14 to 0.22) | 0.68 |
| Fasting insulin* SDS | 0.39(1.0) | −0.03(1.00) | 0.21(0.03 to 0.40) | 0.03 | 0.21(0.01 to 0.41) | 0.05 |
| HOMA-IR* SDS | 0.39(1.28) | −0.03(1.00) | 0.23(0.03 to 0.44) | 0.02 | 0.21(0.01 to 0.42) | 0.04 |
| Fasting 2 hour glucose SDS | −0.69(0.54) | −0.68(0.58) | −0.03(−0.13 to 0.08) | 0.64 | −0.02(−0.13 to 0.09) | 0.72 |
| Fasting 2 hour insulin* SDS | 0.29(1.29) | 0.02(1.04) | 0.27(0.01 to 0.53) | 0.04 | 0.20(−0.09 to 0.49) | 0.18 |
| Lipid profile | ||||||
| LDL-cholesterol SDS | −0.26(1.11) | −0.04(1.00) | −0.07(−0.26 to 0.11) | 0.46 | −0.09(−0.28 to 0.10) | 0.37 |
| Total cholesterol SDS | −0.10(1.03) | −0.01(0.99) | −0.01(−0.21 to 0.20) | 0.96 | −0.05(−0.25 to 0.15) | 0.66 |
| HDL-cholesterol SDS | 0.34(1.87) | 0.08(1.02) | 0.31(0.09 to 0.54) | <0.01*** | 0.31(0.08 to 0.54) | <0.01*** |
| Triglycerides (TG) SDS | 0.35(1.03) | −0.08(0.98) | 0.21(0.05 to 0.38) | 0.01*** | 0.19(0.02 to 0.36) | 0.03 |
| Cardiometabolic health | ||||||
| Metabolic sum score-1: BMI + SBP + INSULIN + TG ± HDL | 0.89(3.27) | −0.14(2.65) | 0.29(−0.40 to 0.61) | 0.38 | 0.30(−0.36 to 0.95) | 0.38 |
| Metabolic sum score-2: WtHR + SBP + Glucose + TG + −HDL | −0.52(3.33) | −0.82(2.24) | 0.08(−0.52 to 0.68) | 0.80 | 0.18(−0.43 to 0.80) | 0.56 |
* = square root of fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, ** = in the Methods section the rationale was postulated for the models used, *** = P-value remained significant after correction for multiple testing, Bold text = P-values below 0.05, HOMA-IR = ([fasting insulin (μU/ml)*fasting glucose (mmol/liter)]/405) (Matthews 1985)], SDS = z-score.
Outcomes are presented in standardized (except for birthweight) mean estimated differences with a 95%CI and P-value: offspring of women with PCOS versus controls. We tested a basic and an adjusted model, as follows.
Models used**: In the basic model (model 1), birthweight was adjusted for gestational age and country from which the children originated (USA, Chile or The Netherlands). And in the adjusted model (model 2), we additionally adjusted for sex, parity, multiple gestation and presence of siblings in this study.
In two variables, we calculated SDS using an external reference population: WHO-based BMI SDS and the CDC-based SBP. In the WHO-based BMI SDS, the age and sex of the child are taken into account in the basic model (model 3) and we additionally adjusted for country from which children originated. In the adjusted model (model 4), we also adjusted for parity, multiple gestation and presence of siblings in this study. In the CDC-based SBP SDS: sex, height and age were taken into account and we additionally adjusted for country from which children originated (model 5). In the adjusted model (model 6), we added similar factors as in BMI SDS, with the addition of the offspring weight.
For all other outcomes: in the basic model (model 7), we adjusted for: age of the child and the country from which the children originated (USA, Chile or The Netherlands). In the adjusted model (model 8), we additionally corrected for sex of the child, parity of the mother, multiple gestation and whether children had any siblings in the IPD included.
In all variables, with exception for birthweight, SDS was used.
P-value <0.017 was considered significant, as we had to correct our analysis for multiple testing (P-value of 0.017 was calculated as: 0.05 divided by 3).