Table 1.
Sample Characteristics
| Total Sample (N=302) | ADHD Group (n=162) | Comparison Group (n=140) | Group Differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | ||
| Age | 13.17±0.40 | 13.17±0.41 | 13.18±0.40 | t=0.26, p=.80 |
| Primary Household Income ($USD) | 93,073±34,856 | 84,875±35,864 | 102,500±31,213 | t=4.56, p<.001 |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Female | 135 (44.7) | 57 (35.2) | 78 (55.7) | X2=12.80, p<.001 |
| Race | X2=9.17, p=.06 | |||
| White | 247 (81.8) | 129 (79.6) | 118 (84.3) | |
| Black | 16 (5.3) | 12 (7.4) | 4 (2.9) | |
| Asian | 14 (4.6) | 4 (2.5) | 10 (7.1) | |
| American Indian/Alaskan | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Bi/Multiracial | 24 (7.9) | 16 (9.9) | 8 (5.7) | |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 14 (4.6) | 7 (4.3) | 7 (5.0) | X2=0.08, p=.78 |
| Highest Maternal Education | ||||
| HS degree or less | 14 (4.3) | 10 (6.2) | 4 (2.9) | X2=7.82, p=.05 |
| Partial college/vocational | 56 (18.5) | 33 (20.4) | 23 (16.4) | |
| College graduate | 126 (41.7) | 73 (45.1) | 53 (37.9) | |
| Graduate/professional degree | 106 (35.1) | 46 (28.4) | 60 (42.9) | |
| Medication Use | ||||
| ADHD (any) | 96 (31.8) | 96 (59.3) | 0 (0) | X2=121.63, p<.001 |
| Methylphenidate | 48 (15.9) | 48 (29.6) | 0 (0) | X2=49.32, p<.001 |
| Amphetaminea | 47 (15.6) | 47 (29.0) | 0 (0) | X2=48.10, p<.001 |
| Non-stimulantb | 20 (6.6) | 20 (12.3) | 0 (0) | X2=18.51, p<.001 |
| Other Psychiatric (any) | 29 (9.6) | 22 (13.6) | 7 (5) | X2=6.37, p=.01 |
| Antidepressant | 24 (7.9) | 18 (11.1) | 6 (4.3) | X2=4.78, p=.03 |
| Antianxiety | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.7) | X2=0.01, p=1.00e |
| Antipsychotic | 3 (1.0) | 3 (1.9) | 0 (0) | X2=2.62, p=.25b |
| Other psychiatric diagnosesc | 107 (35.4) | 74 (45.7) | 33 (23.6) | X2=16.04, p<.001 |
| Any externalizing (ODD/CD) | 41 (13.6) | 35 (21.6) | 6 (4.3) | X2=19.20, p<.001 |
| Any anxiety | 73 (24.2) | 46 (28.4) | 27 (19.3) | X2=3.40, p=.07 |
| Any depression | 24 (7.9) | 16 (9.9) | 8 (5.7) | X2=1.78, p=.18 |
Note. ADHD=attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. ODD/CD=oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder. Any anxiety=presence of generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Any depression=presence of major depression or dysthymia.
a
Includes amphetamine and mixed amphetamine salts.
b
Includes guanfacine, atomoxetine, and clonidine.
c
Presence of comorbid mental health diagnosis based on parent or adolescent report (only parents were administered ODD and PTSD modules) during the diagnostic interview.