Table 1.
Distribution of DKD phenotypes in individuals with T2D
| Study | Country | Years | GFR method | N | T2D, % | Alb− eGFR−, % | Alb+ eGFR−, % | eGFR+, % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All, % | Alb+, % | Alb, % | Alb−, % of all eGFR+ | Alb−/Ret−, % of all eGFR+ | ||||||||
| Cross-sectional serial (NHANES) | ||||||||||||
| Kramer et al. [22] (NHANES 1988–1994) | US | 1988–1994 | MDRD | 1197 | 100 | 54.0 | 31.7 | 14.3 | 9.3 | 5.0 | 35.1 | 29.8 |
| Afkarian et al. [23] (NHANES 1988–1994) | US | 1988–1994 | CKD-EPI | 1430 | 100 | 54.0 | 27.1 | 19.0 | 10.3 | 8.7 | 45.8 | – |
| Bailey et al. [24] (NHANES 1999–2012) | US | 1999–2012 | CKD-EPI (+ MDRD) | 2915 | 100 | 51.0 | 24.0 | 25.0 | 13.1 | 11.9 | 47.7 | – |
|
1466 ≥ 65 years |
100 | 38.7 | 20.4 | 40.8 | 21.3 | 19.5 | 47.7 | – | ||||
| Mottl et al. [25] (NHANES 2001–2008) | US | 2001–2008 | CKD-EPI | 2798 | 100 | 56.5 | 23.0 | 20.5 | 9.9 | 10.6 | 51.8 | – |
| Cross-sectional (observational) | ||||||||||||
| MacIsaac et al. [26] | Australia | 1990–2001 | Isotopic | 301 | 100 | 38.2 | 25.6 | 36.3 | 21.9 | 14.3 | 39.4 | 29.3 |
| Dwyer et al. [27] (DEMAND Global) | 33 countries from Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, North & Central-South America | 2003 | MDRD | 11,573 | 100 | 43 | 34 | 23 | 13 | 9 | 40.1 | – |
| Yokoyama et al. [29] (JDDM) | Japan | 2004–2005 | MDRD Jap | 3297 | 100 | 61.8 | 22.9 | 15.3 | 7.4 | 7.9 | 51.8 | 39.9 |
| Thomas et al. [30, 31] (NEFRON) | Australia | 2005 | MDRD | 3893 | 100 | 52.9 | 24.2 | 22.9 | 10.5 | 12.4 | 54.1 | – |
| Penno et al. J Hypertens. 2011;29:1802–1809 (RIACE) | Italy | 2006–2008 | MDRD (+ CDD-EPI) | 15,773 | 100 | 62.5 | 18.7 | 18.8 | 8.2 | 10.6 | 56.6 | 43.2 |
| Afghahi et al. J Diabetes Complications. 2013;27: 229–234 (Swedish National Diabetes Register) | Sweden | 2007 | MDRD (+ Cockcroft-Gault) | 81,315 | 100 | 63.5 | 16.4 | 20.0 | 7.6 | 12.4 | 61.9 | 49.6 |
| Hill et al. [34] (UK National Diabetes Audit) | UK | 2007–2008 | CKD-EPI | 800,439 | 100 | 57.7 | 17.7 | 24.5 | 8.9 | 15.6 | 63.7 | – |
| Koye et al. [40] (CRIC) | US | 2003–2008 | CKD-EPI | 1908a (eGFR 21–44 years > 20 < 70, 45–64 years < 60, 65–74 years < 50) | 100 | – | – | 100.0 | 71.6 | 28.4 | 28.4 | |
| De Cosmo et al. [35] (AMD Annals) | Italy | 2009 | CKD-EPI | 120,903 | 100 | 52.6 | 23.8 | 23.5 | 12.2 | 11.3 | 48.2 | 39.3 |
| Gao et al. [36] | China | 2008–2009 | CKD-EPI | 8811 | 100 | 67.2 | 17.5 | 15.3 | 4.6 | 10.7 | 69.9 | – |
| Lee et al. [39] | Korea | 2011–2013 | MDRD (+ CKD-EPI) | 1067a | 100 | 30.1 | 31.1 | 38.8 | 29.6 | 9.2 | 23.7 | 17.1 |
| Rodriguez-Poncelas et al. [37] (PERCEDIME2) | Spain | 2011 | MDRD | 1145 | 100 | 62.1 | 9.9 | 18.0 | 12.5 | 5.5 | 69.4 | – |
| Bramlage et al. [38] (DPV/DIVE Registry) | Germany | 2010–2017 | MDRD | 240,510 | 100 | 45.1 | 15.8 | 39.3 | 12.4 | 26.9 | 68.3 | – |
| Cross-sectional (intervention) | ||||||||||||
| Drury et al. [41] (FIELD) | Australia, New Zealand, Finland | 1998–2000 | MDRD | 9795 | 100 | 71.2 | 23.4 | 5.3 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 59.1 | – |
| Ninomiya et al. [42] (ADVANCE) | 20 countries from Europe, Asia, Oceania, North America | 2001–2003 | MDRD | 10,640 | 100 | 57.5 | 23.3 | 19.2 | 7.3 | 11.8 | 61.6 | – |
| Tobe et al. [43] (ONTARGET &TRASCEND) | 40 countries from Europe, Asia, Oceania, North America | 2001–2004 | MDRD | 23,422 | 37.5 | 61.9 | 14.1 | 24.0 | 7.6 | 16.4 | 68.2 | – |
| Bakris et al. [44] (ACCOMPLISH) | US, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland | 2003–2005 | ? | 8519 | 60 | 62.3 | 27.2 | 10.5 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 46.8 | – |
| Longitudinal | ||||||||||||
| Retnakaran et al. [49] (UKPDS) | UK | 1977–1991 | Cockcroft-Gault | 4006 (median follow-up of 15 years) | 100 | 47.3 | 24.4 | 28.3 | 13.9 (9.3)b | 14.4 (19.0)b | 50.8 (67.1)b | – |
aExclusion of patients on RAS blockers
b% values at the time reduction of eGFR occurred
Alb+ micro or macroalbuminuria, Alb− normoalbuminuria, eGFR+ < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, eGFR− ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, Ret− no retinopathy, NHANES National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey, DEMAND Developing Education on Microalbuminuria for Awareness of Renal and Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes, JDDM Japan Diabetes clinical Data Management, NEFRON National Evaluation of the Frequency of Renal Impairment cO-existing with NIDDM, RIACE Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events, CRIC Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort, PERCEDIME2 Prevalence of ease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, DPV Diabetes-Patienten-Verlaufsdokumentation, DIVE DIabetes Versorgungs-Evaluation, FIELD Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes, ADVANCE Action in Diabetes and Vascular disease: preterAx and diamicroN-MR Controlled Evaluation, ONTARGET/TRASCEND Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global End Point Trial/Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects With Cardiovascular Disease, ACCOMPLISH Avoiding Cardiovascular events through COMbination therapy in Patients LIving with Systolic Hypertension, UKPDS United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study