. 2019 Oct 2;33(1):9–35. doi: 10.1007/s40620-019-00650-x

Table 2.

Distribution of DKD phenotypes in individuals with T1D

Study	Country	Years	GFR method	N	T1D, %	Alb⁻ eGFR⁻, %	Alb⁺ eGFR⁻, %	eGFR⁺, %
Study	Country	Years	GFR method	N	T1D, %	Alb⁻ eGFR⁻, %	Alb⁺ eGFR⁻, %	All, %	Alb⁺, %	Alb, %	Alb⁻, % of all eGFR⁺	Alb⁻/Ret⁻, % of all eGFR⁺
Cross-sectional
Thorn et al. [45] (FinnDiane)	Finland	1998–2005	CKD-EPI	3809	100	67.4	19.4	13.1	11.1	2.0	15.5	–
Penno et al. [32]	Italy	2001–2009	MDRD	777	100	89.4	6.8	3.7	1.5	2.2	58.6	11.1
Pacilli et al. [47] (AMD-Annals)	Italy	2004–2011	CKD-EPI	20,464	100	76.5	15.4	8.0	4.1	3.9	48.9	–
Lamacchia et al. [48] (AMD-Annals)	Italy	2004–2011	CKD-EPI	1395 (eGFR ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73 m²)	100	–	–	100.0	48.5	51.5	51.5	36.6
Hill et al. [34] (UK National Diabetes Audit)	UK	2007–2008	CKD-EPI	68,177	100	67.6	18.4	14.0	6.4	7.6	54.4	–
Longitudinal
Molitch et al. [50] (DCCT/EDIC)	North America	1983–1989	MDRD	1439 (mean follow-up of 19 years)	100	46.9	46.9	6.2	4.7	1.5	23.6	–

Alb⁺ micro or macroalbuminuria, Alb⁻ normoalbuminuria, eGFR⁺ < 60 ml/min/1.73 m², eGFR⁻ ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m², Ret⁻ no retinopathy, FinnDiane Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study, DCCT/EDIC Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications