Table 2.
Descriptive and statistical data for the stress domains and individual stressors in youths with MD and TD youths
| Stress domains/individual stressors | Youths with MD (n = 100) |
TD youths (n = 101) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | pa | χ2 | OR | 95% CI for the OR | |
| Changes at home or at school | 71.4 | 45.5 | < .001 | 13.71 | 3.00 | [1.66, 5.38] |
| Repetition of a grade | 35.7 | 12.9 | < .001 | 14.18 | 3.76 | [1.84, 7.68] |
| Had to change school | 38.1 | 9.9 | < .001 | 21.80 | 5.61 | [2.60, 12.13] |
| Separation of parents | 47.5 | 30.7 | .015 | 5.92 | 2.04 | [1.14, 3.64] |
| Death of a loved oneb | 14.0 | 5.9 | .056 | 3.64 | 2.58 | [0.95, 7.01] |
| Death of mother | 3.0 | 0.0 | n.a.b | 3.08 | 7.29 | [0.37, 142.93] |
| Death of father | 5.0 | 3.0 | n.a.b | 0.54 | 1.72 | [0.40, 7.40] |
| Death of a close friend | 6.0 | 3.0 | n.a.b | 1.08 | 2.09 | [0.51, 8.58] |
| Experiences of violence | 51.5 | 20.4 | < .001 | 20.67 | 4.14 | [2.20, 7.78] |
| Beaten up at home | 21.0 | 5.9 | .002 | 9.80 | 4.21 | [1.62, 10.94] |
| Yelled at and insulted at home | 45.0 | 16.8 | < .001 | 19.69 | 4.04 | [2.10, 7.77] |
| Victim of violence | 11.1 | 1.0 | .003 | 8.98 | 12.38 | [1.57, 97.80] |
| Victim of unwanted sexual acts | 9.8 | 3.0 | .055 | 3.69 | 3.47 | [0.91, 13.24] |
| Delinquent behavior | 21.2 | 9.0 | .016 | 5.80 | 2.72 | [1.18, 6.29] |
| Exercise of violence | 12.1 | 3.0 | .015 | 5.94 | 4.46 | [1.22, 16.33] |
| In conflict with the police | 14.0 | 5.9 | .056 | 3.64 | 2.58 | [0.95, 7.01] |
| Psychological burdens during/after pregnancy | 48.8 | 30.6 | .013 | 6.10 | 2.16 | [1.17, 3.40] |
| Maternal postpartum depression | 11.1 | 5.1 | .136 | 2.22 | 2.33 | [0.75, 7.24] |
| Maternal emotional distress during pregnancy | 43.8 | 27.6 | .024 | 5.09 | 2.05 | [1.09, 3.82] |
| Presence of an affective disorder in a first-degree relative | 47.5 | 7.9 | < .001 | 39.23 | 10.51 | [4.61, 23.93] |
| At least one affected parent | 42.0 | 6.9 | < .001 | 33.52 | 9.72 | [4.10, 23.08] |
| At least one affected sibling | 10.8 | 1.2 | .010 | 6.68 | 9.94 | [1.21, 81.49] |
| Sociodemography | 77.0 | 58.8 | .008 | 6.25 | 2.35 | [1.24, 4.50] |
| Lower secondary education of the participant | 18.0 | 5.0 | .004 | 8.44 | 4.21 | [1.50, 11.85] |
| Migrant background of the mother | 11.6 | 12.1 | .918 | 0.01 | 0.95 | [0.39, 2.33] |
| Migrant background of the father | 20.5 | 12.2 | .132 | 2.27 | 1.85 | [0.82, 4.13] |
| Unemployment of the mother | 4.8 | 2.0 | .298 | 1.08 | 2.43 | [0.43, 13.62] |
| Unemployment of the father | 2.6 | 2.2 | .848 | 0.04 | 1.21 | [0.17, 8.82] |
| Low academic qualification of the father | 40.0 | 31.3 | .219 | 1.51 | 1.47 | [0.80, 2.70] |
| Low academic qualification of the mother | 55.3 | 37.0 | .013c | 6.20 | 2.11 | [1.17, 3.80] |
MD major depression, TD typically developing, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
aOriginal p-values are reported. bAs the χ2-tests for the stress domain “Death of a loved one” was non-significant, follow-up χ2-tests for the individual stressors in this domain were not conducted. cAll significant p-values withstand Bonferroni-Holm correction except the stressor “Low academic qualification of the mother”. The stress domains are bolditalic. Significant p-values are italicized