. 2020 Feb 7;15:42. doi: 10.1186/s13023-019-1277-0

Table 2.

Cognitive Functioning Results

Domain	N	Results patients	P-value^a	N	FSIQ 50–69 (Group 1)	N	FSIQ 70–85 (Group 2)	N	FSIQ > 85 (Group 3)	P-value^b
Learning & Memory
- AVLT Immediate Recall - AVLT Delayed Recall - AVLT Delayed / Immediate - Digit span	19 19 19 35	46.0 (9–61) 46.0 (15–65) 52.0 (38–65) 43.0 (20–63)	0.029 0.545 0.445 < 0.0005^c	4 4 4 8	40.0 (9–46) 49.5 (15–58) 55.5 (43–62) 30.00 (20–57)	11 11 11 15	45.00 (35–61) 46.00 (34–65) 52.00 (38–65) 43.00 (27–60)	4 4 4 12	49.50 (47–51) 50.00 (43–55) 52.00 (39–62) 48.50 (33–63)	0.121 0.956 0.803 0.017
Visuospatial functioning
GIT-2 spatial test Block design	19 42	36.0 (23–50) 38.5 (20–53)	< 0.0005^c < 0.0005^c	4 9	26.5 (23–40) 30.0 (20–40)	11 17	35.0 (28–40) 37.0 (27–50)	4 16	41.5 (40–50) 37.0 (33–53)	0.019 < 0.0005^c
Executive functioning
Inhibition
- Stroop III (Inhibition) - Stroop III/II (Interference)	25 25	45.0 (20–56) 49.0 (30–66)	0.003^c 0.537	6 6	27.0 (20–49) 43.0 (30–60)	13 13	48.00 (22–56) 50.00 (31–66)	6 6	46.0 (35–53) 47.5 (40–63)	0.078 0.642
Cognitive flexibility
- WCST Total number of errors - WCST Perseverative responses - WCST Percent Cconceptual level responses	24 24 24	50.5 (27–67) 51.0 (30–81) 49.5 (27–64)	0.988 0.626 0.951	6 6 6	46.0 (27–50) 46.0 (33–52) 48.0 (27–51)	12 12 12	51.50 (37–67) 53.00 (30–81) 52.00 (39–64)	6 6 6	52.0 (39–64) 52.0 (35–73) 51.0 (37–62)	0.134 0.278 0.270
Responses
- TMT B/A - Letter fluency	25 19	44.0 (27–57) 37.0 (27–67)	0.002^c 0.001^c	6 4	45.0 (27–50) 31.0 (28–38)	13 11	43.00 (27–57) 39.00 (31–67)	6 4	48.5 (40–57) 34.0 (27–56)	0.510 0.143
Mental Speed
- Stroop I (Color naming) - Stroop II (Word reading) - TMT A (Digit sequencing) - TMT B (Digit-Letter-Switching) - Symbol search - Substitution	25 25 25 25 41 42	40.0 (25–61) 37.0 (20–56) 52.0 (20–67) 45.0 (20–58) 43.0 (20–67) 40.0 (23–57)	0.001^c < 0.0005^c 0.352 0.003^c < 0.0005^c < 0.0005^c	6 6 6 6 9 9	35.0 (25–43) 30.0 (20–40) 50.5 (20–59) 33.5 (20–47) 23.0 (20–50) 30.0 (23–47)	13 13 13 13 17 17	43.00 (35–61) 43.00 (20–56) 56.00 (43–67) 46.00 (20–58) 40.00 (27–67) 40.00 (30–57)	6 6 6 6 15 16	46.5 (33–55) 39.0 (33–56) 47.5 (33–67) 45.0 (33–56) 47.0 (40–60) 43.0 (33–53)	0.077 0.063 0.173 0.111 0.001^c 0.006

Domain

Results patients

P-value^a

FSIQ 50–69 (Group 1)

FSIQ 70–85
(Group 2)

FSIQ > 85
(Group 3)

P-value^b

Learning & Memory

- AVLT Immediate Recall

- AVLT Delayed Recall

- AVLT Delayed / Immediate

- Digit span

46.0 (9–61)

46.0 (15–65)

52.0 (38–65)

43.0 (20–63)

0.029

0.545

0.445

< 0.0005^c

40.0 (9–46)

49.5 (15–58)

55.5 (43–62)

30.00 (20–57)

45.00 (35–61)

46.00 (34–65)

52.00 (38–65)

43.00 (27–60)

49.50 (47–51)

50.00 (43–55)

52.00 (39–62)

48.50 (33–63)

0.121

0.956

0.803

0.017

Visuospatial functioning

GIT-2 spatial test

Block design

36.0 (23–50)

38.5 (20–53)

< 0.0005^c

26.5 (23–40)

30.0 (20–40)

35.0 (28–40)

37.0 (27–50)

41.5 (40–50)

37.0 (33–53)

0.019

< 0.0005^c

Executive functioning

Inhibition

- Stroop III (Inhibition)

- Stroop III/II (Interference)

45.0 (20–56)

49.0 (30–66)

0.003^c

0.537

27.0 (20–49)

43.0 (30–60)

48.00 (22–56)

50.00 (31–66)

46.0 (35–53)

47.5 (40–63)

0.078

0.642

Cognitive flexibility

- WCST Total number of errors

- WCST Perseverative responses

- WCST Percent Cconceptual level responses

50.5 (27–67)

51.0 (30–81)

49.5 (27–64)

0.988

0.626

0.951

46.0 (27–50)

46.0 (33–52)

48.0 (27–51)

51.50 (37–67)

53.00 (30–81)

52.00 (39–64)

52.0 (39–64)

52.0 (35–73)

51.0 (37–62)

0.134

0.278

0.270

Responses

- TMT B/A

- Letter fluency

44.0 (27–57)

37.0 (27–67)

0.002^c

0.001^c

45.0 (27–50)

31.0 (28–38)

43.00 (27–57)

39.00 (31–67)

48.5 (40–57)

34.0 (27–56)

0.510

0.143

Mental Speed

- Stroop I (Color naming)

- Stroop II (Word reading)

- TMT A (Digit sequencing)

- TMT B (Digit-Letter-Switching)

- Symbol search

- Substitution

40.0 (25–61)

37.0 (20–56)

52.0 (20–67)

45.0 (20–58)

43.0 (20–67)

40.0 (23–57)

0.001^c

< 0.0005^c

0.352

0.003^c

< 0.0005^c

35.0 (25–43)

30.0 (20–40)

50.5 (20–59)

33.5 (20–47)

23.0 (20–50)

30.0 (23–47)

43.00 (35–61)

43.00 (20–56)

56.00 (43–67)

46.00 (20–58)

40.00 (27–67)

40.00 (30–57)

46.5 (33–55)

39.0 (33–56)

47.5 (33–67)

45.0 (33–56)

47.0 (40–60)

43.0 (33–53)

0.077

0.063

0.173

0.111

0.001^c

0.006

Data reported in T-scores, median (ranges). ^a Patient data vs. normative data (T-score 50), ^b Comparison between FSIQ groups, ^c Significant after Bonferroni-Holm correction. FSIQ full scale IQ, AVLT auditory verbal learning test, GIT-II groninger intelligentie test 2, Stroop stroop color word test, WCST wisconsin card sorting test, TMT trail making test