Table 1.
Baseline (1991) characteristics of Nurses’ Health Study 2 participants according to quintiles of gluten intake
| 1st Quintile (n=16,977) |
2nd Quintile (n=17,154) |
3rd Quintile (n=16,979) |
4th Quintile (n=17,064) |
5th Quintile (n=17,011) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average daily gluten intake (g/day) | 3.5 (0.8) | 4.9 (0.3) | 5.9 (0.3) | 7 (0.4) | 9.3 (1.5) |
| Age (years)* | 36 (5) | 36 (5) | 36 (5) | 36 (5) | 36 (5) |
| Caucasian,% | 91 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 98 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25 (6) | 25 (5) | 25 (5) | 24 (5) | 24 (5) |
| Physical activity level (METS/wk) | 21 (28) | 21 (27) | 20 (26) | 20 (25) | 22 (28) |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 3 (7) | 3 (6) | 3 (6) | 3 (6) | 3 (5) |
| Current smoking, % | 16 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 8 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| Type 2 diabetes, % | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| Hypertension, % | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Asthma,% | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Average daily calorie intake (kcal/day) | 1772 (566) | 1806 (554) | 1826 (544) | 1817 (532) | 1729 (524) |
Values are means(SD) or percentages and are standardized to the age distribution of the study population.
*
Value is not age adjusted
METS: metabolic-equivalents hrs