Table 2. Anthropometric measurements and results.

Anthropometric data of children living within institutionalized care in various countries.

Author, year	Growth reference	Weight for age (WAZ)	Weight for- length/ height (WHZ)	Length/ height for age (HAZ)	BMI- for-Age	Head circumference for age	Other	Results
Multi-Country
Whetten et al. (2014)	WHO growth charts	–	–	IBC: Mean −1.0 ± 1.4, FBC: Mean −1.0 ± 1.3	IBC: Mean −0.7 ± 1.0, FBC: Mean −0.7 ± 1.2	–	–	This study does not support the hypothesis that IBC is systematically associated with poorer well-being than FBC for orphaned and abandoned children ages 6 to 12 in countries with high rates. Much greater variability among children within care settings was observed than among care-setting types.
Whetten et al. (2009)	WHO growth charts	–	–	IBC: Mean −0.96 ± 1.46, FBC: Mean −1.03 ± 1.29, Weighted IBC vs. FBC: Mean (CI) 0.011 (−0.08, 0.10)	IBC: Mean −0.68 ± 0.97, FBC: Mean −0.73 ± 1.39, Weighted IBC vs. FBC: Mean (CI) 0.072 (−0.01, 0.16)	–	–	While it is possible that respondent bias accounts for better subjective health scores for IBC, the lack of significant differences on the biometric scores and the lower prevalence of recent illness suggest that the growth and overall health of IBC is no worse than that of FBC. There were no differences between children in IBC and FBC in mean height for age or BMI for age.
Africa
Aboud et al. (1991)	NCHS	IBC: >80%: 64% <80%: 36% FBC: >80%: 73.5% <80%: 25.6% p = NS	IBC: >80%: 97.3% <80%: 2.7% FBC: >80%: 95.6% <80%: 4.1% p = NS	IBC: >90%: 76% <90%: 24% FBC: >90%: 91.8% <90%: 8.2% p < 0.05	–	–	–	The children in IBC were more likely to be short for their age indicating early and chronic malnutrition. Both groups of children had a high probability of weighing less than the standard for their age. Using both anthropometric and clinical signs of malnutrition, 27 (33%) IBC showed nutritional problems on two or more indices.
Braitstein et al. (2013)	WHO	≤ 10 years, n: 2131 ≥-2 z-scores OR unadjusted IBC: 1 FBC: 0.87 (0.56–1.34)	≤ 5 years, n: 380 ≥-2 z-scores OR unadjusted IBC: 1 FBC: 1.02 (0.55–1.90)	0–18 years, n: 2842 ≥-2 z-scores OR unadjusted IBC: 1 FBC: 2.27 (1.74–2.94) CLS: 4.95 (3.13–7.82) % Stunting IBC: 59% FBC: 74% CLS: 88%	10–18 years, n: 2374 ≥-2 z-scores OR unadjusted IBC: 1 FBC: 0.70 (0.49–1.01) CLS: 0.58 (0.31–1.08) High BMI (p < 0.001) IBC: 10% FBC: 16% CLS: 19%	–	–	FBC were more than twice as likely as children in IBC to be stunted (AOR: 2.6, 95% CI [2.0–3.4]). CLS were nearly six times more likely to be stunted compared to children in IBC (AOR: 5.9, 95% CI [3.6–9.5]). IBC have improved nutrition status and are more likely to have an adequate diet and much less likely to be stunting compared to FBC. Children in IBC were more likely to be normal weight for height compared to FBC (p = 0.024)
Mwaniki, Makokha & Muttunga (2014)	World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006)	IBC n: 69 % underweight: 33.2% CC n: 31 % underweight: 14.9% Total n: 100 % underweight: 24% p > 0.0001	IBC n: 19 % wasted: 9.2% CC n: 20 % wasted: 9.7% Total n: 39 % wasted: 9.4% p = 0.866	IBC n: 98 % stunted: 47.2% CC n: 51 % stunted: 24.5% Total n: 149 % stunted: 35.8% p > 0.0001	–	–	–	The risk of stunting was 2.8 times higher and underweight was 0.043 times higher among IBC compared with CC.
Panpanich et al. (1999)	NCHS	<5 years Mean z-scores: IBC: −2.17 ± 1.46 FBC: −1.82 ± 1.19 CC: −1.37 ± 1.28 Moderate underweight (<-2 z-scores) %: IBC: 54.8% FBC: 33.3% CC: 30% Severe underweight (<-3 z-scores) %: IBC: 38.7% FBC: 16.7% CC: 6.7% ≥5 years Mean z-scores: IBC: −0.91 ± 0.96 FBC: −1.11 ± 1.10 CC: −1.24 ± 1.00 Moderate underweight (<-2 z-scores) %: IBC: 6.8% FBC: 23.9% CC: 20.8%	<5 years Mean z-scores: IBC: −0.35 ± 1.15 FBC: −0.68 ± 1.10 CC: −0.45 ± 0.93 Wasting (<-2 z-scores) %: IBC: 9% FBC: 12% CC: 0% ≥5 years Mean z-scores: IBC: −0.08 ± 0.91 FBC: −0.64 ± 0.99 CC: −0.53 ± 0.79 p < 0.05 for variance between the three groups Wasting (<-2 z-scores) %: IBC: 0% FBC: 5.3% CC: 2.3%	<5 years Mean z-scores: IBC: −2.75 ± 1.29 FBC: −2.20 ± 1.51 CC: −1.61 ± 1.57 p < 0.05 for variance between the three groups Stunting (<-2 z-scores) %: IBC: 64.5% FBC: 50% CC: 46.4% ≥5 years Mean z-scores: IBC: −1.07 ± 1.51 FBC: −1.07 ± 1.51 CC: −1.41 ± 1.41 Stunting(<-2 z-scores) %: IBC: 9.1% FBC: 30.4% CC: 34%	–	–	–	Younger than 5 years old, the mean z-scores of W/A, W/H and H/A for all groups were much lower than those of the NCHS reference population. More malnutrition of children in IBC younger than 5 years than those in FBC and CC. Girls were more malnourished in IBC than boys (p < 0.05). 44.1% IBC who stayed less than 1 year were undernourished compared with 12.2% who stayed ≥1 year (p < 0.05). Children in IBC ≥ 5 years of age were less stunted and wasted than FBC and CC, which suggests that children in IBC have greater long-term food security than FBC and CC. “Older orphanage children seem to have better nutrition than village orphans.”
Asia
Bin Shaziman et al. (2017)	WHO Growth References	–	–	–	Severely thin 4.7% Thin 2.4% Normal 61.2% Overweight 16.5% Obesity 15.3%	–	–	–
Chowdhury et al. (2017)	WHO Growth References, Essence of Pediatrics 2011 ranges for malnutrition	Total malnourished: 60.3%, Mild: 43.1%, Moderate: 16.8%, Severe: 0.4%	–	–	–	–	–	Children 15 to 18 years old were most malnourished. Higher malnutrition among the boys than girls in the age group of 15–18 years old but gender did not have a significant effect on severity. Malnutrition was higher during the first four years in the orphanage. With increasing duration in the orphanage, malnutrition levels gradually declined.
Hearst et al. (2014)	World Health Organization (1995), World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006)	n: 286, mean z-score: −1.3 ± 1.5, median −1.3 31.5% underweight	n: 286, mean z-score: −0.7 ± 1.5, median −0.6 22.1% wasting	n: 286, mean z-score: −1.5 ± 1.9, median −1.5 36.7% stunting	–	–	–	72% of the children had one or more growth, nutrition or developmental deficits, and 24% had three or more deficits. The growth-related indicators coincide with the high prevalence of low albumin, indicating generalized chronic undernutrition and suggest macronutrient deficiencies that could be due to inadequate diets, infections and/or inflammation or impaired nutrient absorption or utilization secondary to the psychosocial stress of living in an institution. Prevalence for growth-related deficiencies and anemia in indicate IBC are more at risk compared with corresponding results for data from 90 CC of a similar age attending local child care centers.
Kapavarapu et al. (2012)	NCHS, CDC, World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006)	25th percentile: −3.73 Median: −2.75 75th percentile: −2.05 Underweight (WAZ <−2): 79% Over 36 months median WAZ increased to −1.74, 25th percentile −2.46, 75th percentile- 1.03 (P < 0.001).	25th percentile: −2.29 Median: −1.30 75th percentile: −0.56 Wasting (WHZ <-2): 27% Median WHZ scores increased to −0.10, 25th percentile −0.18, 75th percentile −0.01 over 36 months (P = 0.49)	25th percentile: −3.06 Median: −2.69 75th percentile: −1.94 Stunting (HAZ <-2): 72% Over 36 months Median HAZ also increased to −1.63, 25th percentile −2.19, 75th percentile: −0.77 (P < 0.001).	–	–	–	“Irrespective of the ART status, a decrease in underweight, stunting and wasting was seen at the end of 36 months. There was an observed higher rate of z-score increase among children not yet on ART compared to that of those who were on ART was probably attributable to the fact that children on ART had a more advanced forms of disease along with co-morbidities which resulted in slower rate of improvement in growth than children with a milder form of disease and who did not need to be treated with ART. All received age and gender appropriate nutrition along with additional nutrition supplements such as iron when required. These results suggest that dietary support (both macronutrients and micronutrients) may have a role in improving nutritional outcomes in HIV-infected individuals, thereby improving quality of life and perhaps indirectly reducing disease-related mortality.”
Kroupina et al. (2014)	World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006)	Mean: −1.34 ± 1.17, range −4.9 to 0.94 <-2 z-scores: 22.3%	Mean: −0.63 ± 1.41, range −4.44 to 2.84 <-2 z-scores: 19.4%	Mean: −1.62 ± 1.61, range −5.49 to 3.11 <-2 z-scores: 35.5%	–	n:102, mean: −1.70 ± 1.27, range −4.53 to 1.90 <-2 z-scores: 41.2%	–	“We found that all three of the growth parameters departed substantially from expected levels relative to those of healthy children.” Prevalence of low birth weight was 35%, compared to 6% national population, was found to be a significant negative predictor of developmental status.
Lewindon et al. (1997)	Not specified n:141	Mean: −3.9 z-scores	–	–	–	–	Triceps Skin Fold Median: 58.6%	–
Myint et al. (2012)	WHO	–	–	Short Stature: 18.3% Stunted 45%	Underweight: 26.7% Overweight: 8.3% Obese: 1.7%	–	–	Nutritional problems seen in 60% of the children. “No significant difference in nutritional status nor proportion of short stature and stunted was seen among boys and girls. There is no association of HIV staging and nutritional status.”
Sarma et al. (1991)	NCHS	Girls mean wt range (kg): 16.5 ± 2- 46.8 ± 9.66 Boys mean wt range (kg): 16.3 ± 2.18- 49.3 ± 6.96	–	Girls mean ht range (cm): 104 ± 6.30- 154.2 ± 5.64 Boys mean ht range (cm): 106 ± 6.52- 166.0 ± 9.49	–	–	Girls mean arm circumference (cm): 15 ± 0.78–22.7 ± 3.59 Boys mean arm circumference (cm): 14.5 ± 1.04- 23.3 ± 0.60	Growth was similar in all regions analyzed. Heights and weights were far below NCHS figures, suggesting a high degree of growth delay and stunting but were higher than urban slum or rural counterparts. The extent of delay, in terms of age, was up to 3 years.
Zahid & Karim (2013)	Nutrition survey of Rural Bangladesh 1996	Mean: −0.39 ± 1.22 Underweight: 13% Normal: 84.8% Overweight: 2.2%	Mean: 0.38 ± 1.36 Wasted: 2.7% Normal: 83.8%, Overweight: 8.1% Obese: 5.4%	Mean: −0.76 ± 1.02 Stunted: 8.7% Normal: 89.1% Tall: 2.2%	Underweight: 10.87% Normal: 60.87% Overweight: 21.74% Obese: 6.5%	–	–	–
Eastern Europe
Miller et al. (2006)	WHO (excluding head circumference which was compared to American standards) n: 201, mean z-scores (excluding CWD)	Birth: −1.34 ± 0.08 Placement: −1.59 ± 0.12 Present: −1.50 ± 0.12	–	Birth: -.62 ± .14 Placement: −1.45 ± 0.13 Present: −1.48 ± 0.10	–	Birth: −1.55 ± 0.12 Placement: −1.38 ± 0.11 Present: −1.20 ± 0.11	–	75% (84/112) of children’s records available indicated developmental delays. Measurements did not differ significantly between boys and girls, nor did they correlate with age at placement or current age of the children. Children with a prior diagnosis of FAS tended to have lower anthropometric z-scores at all time points than those without this diagnosis, but the results were significant only for birth height (p = 0.04), birth weight (p = 0.02), and placement head circumference (p = 0.01). >90% of children with high phenotypic scores had moderate or severe developmental delays.
The St Petersburg-USA Orphanage Research Team, 2005	CDC, USA Vital Statistics, and standards for the Northwestern Region of the Russian Federation.	Mean: −1.68 (1.39) CC (n:66):-0.06 (1.02) p < 0.01 Intake (N = 327, 309) Residents (N = 236, 216) Russian 10th percentile: 41–67% 25th percentile: 58–78% 50th percentile: 90–97% 75th percentile: 96–98% 90th percentile: 99% CDC 10th percentile: 55–63% 25th percentile: 73–81% 50th percentile: 90–91% 75th  percentile: 97% 90th percentile: 99%	Mean: −0.60 (1.20) CC (n:66): 0.002 (0.99) Intake (N = 294, 304) Residents (N = 231, 219) Russian 10th percentile: 24% 25th percentile: 49–54% 50th percentile: 93–90% 75th percentile: 97–95% 90th percentile: 100–98% CDC 10th percentile: 29–25% 25th percentile: 49–50% 50th percentile: 93–90% 75th percentile: 97–95% 90th percentile: 100–98%	Mean: −1.56 (1.37) CC (n:60): 0.06 (0.98) p < 0.001 Intake (N = 327, 304) Residents (N = 237, 218) Russian 10th percentile: 34–54% 25th percentile: 49–73% 50th percentile:91–95% 75th percentile: 95–98% 90th percentile: 98–99% CDC 10th percentile: 43–61% 25th percentile: 61–77% 50th  percentile: 78–90% 75th percentile: 93–96% 90th percentile: 97–99%	–	Mean: −1.17 (1.33) CC (n:60): 0.17 (0.79) p<0.001 Intake (N = 329, 298) Residents (N = 238, 197) Russian 10th percentile: 44–53% 25th percentile: 63–74% 50th percentile: 92–96% 75th percentile: 97–99% 90th percentile: 99–100% CDC 10th percentile: 44–46% 25th percentile: 64–68% 50th percentile: 89–85% 75th percentile: 97–91% 90th percentile: 98–97%	Chest Circumference Intake (N = 329) Residents (N = 237) Russian 10th percentile: 40–43% 25th percentile: 57–63% 50th percentile: 93–92% 75th percentile: 97–96% 90th percentile: 99%	Disabilities: prenatal narcotic exposure, fetal alcohol syndrome, physical deformity, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, microcephalus, heart disorder, other. Non-Specific Disabilities: encephalopathy, growth insufficiency, dystrophy. HIV+ reside in a separate facility. Intake: 27% LBW, 5.5% VLBW Residents: 39.1% LBW, 8.8% VLBW For height, weight, head circumference and chest circumference, more than 35 to44% of the children at intake are below the 10th percentile for their gender in physical size relative to the northwestern Russian Federation and 43 to55% are below the 10th percentile of USA standards. Approximately 90% or more are below the median of both these standards.
European Union
Johnson et al. (2010)	CDC 2000 IBC: n:125, 21.0 months ± 7.4 CC: n: 72, 19.3 months ± 7.1	IBC: mean −1.23 ± 1.08, P ≤.001 z-scores ≤−2: 25%, P ≤.001 CC: mean −0.05 ± 1.00 z-scores ≤−2: 0	IBC: −0.67 ± 1.14, P ≤.001 z-scores ≤−2: 16%, P<.01 CC: 0.16 ± 0.96 z-scores ≤−2: 2%	IBC: mean −0.84 ± 0.86, P ≤.001 z-scores ≤−2: 9%, P<.05 CC: 0.13 ± 0.91 z-scores ≤−2: 2%	–	IBC: mean −1.10 ± 0.99, P ≤.001 z-scores ≤−2: 17%, P<.01 CC: −0.15 ± 0.86 z-scores ≤−2: 2%	–	24% of children living in IBC compared to 3% CC were low birth weight (p ≤.001).
Martins et al. (2013)	World Health Organization (2009), Latent Class Analysis (LCA) Mean, SD	Persistently low (n: 10, 20.4%) Percentile T0 (admission): 1.23 ± 1.60 Percentile T1: 3.91 ± 6.52 Percentile T2: 2.11 ± 3.39 Percentile T3: 4.39 ± 6.07 Deteriorating (n: 12, 24.5%) Percentile T0 (admission): 19.04 ± 28.63 Percentile T1: 20.85 ± 23.25 Percentile T2: 15.48 ± 21.87 Percentile T3: 17.83 (18.47) Improving (n: 16, 32.7%) Percentile T0 (admission): 24.02 ± 26.42 Percentile T1: 27.92 ± 26.82 Percentile T2: 27.42 ± 28.85 Percentile T3: 30.13 ± 23.98 Persistently high (n: 11, 22.5%) Percentile T0 (admission): 59.45 (32.81) Percentile T1: 55.95 (27.71) Percentile T2: 52.71 (26.30) Percentile T3: 58.06 (28.73)	–	Persistently low (n: 18, 36.7%) Percentile T0 (admission): 3.17 ± 4.47 Percentile T1: 4.52 ± 5.24 Percentile T2: 2.32 ± 2.67 Percentile T3: 4.56 ± 4.39 Deteriorating (n: 9, 18.4%) Percentile T0 (admission): 44.51 ± 27.02 Percentile T1: 49.52 ± 12.37 Percentile T2: 21.44 ± 9.64 Percentile T3: 23.83 ± 15.70 Improving (n: 14, 28.6%) Percentile T0 (admission): 15.00 ± 10.00 Percentile T1: 18.17 ± 11.54 Percentile T2: 29.14 ± 26.88 Percentile T3: 32.47 ± 12.18 Persistently high (n: 8, 16.3%) Percentile T0 (admission): 76.41 ± 32.50 Percentile T1: 71.26 ± 29.18 Percentile T2: 72.82 ± 14.49 Percentile T3: 78.42 ± 20.35	–	Persistently low (n: 11, 22.5%) Percentile T0 (admission): 5.92 ± 6.72 Percentile T1: 6.13 ± 6.35 Percentile T2: 10.05 ± 8.55 Percentile T3: 14.62 ± 13.79 Deteriorating (n: 9, 18.4%) Percentile T0 (admission): 34.43 ± 29.00 Percentile T1: 42.92 ± 29.14 Percentile T2: 37.79 ± 28.21 Percentile T3: 18.02 ± 14.35 Improving (n: 16, 32.7%) Percentile T0 (admission): 40.42 ± 26.75 Percentile T1: 55.36 ± 24.56 Percentile T2: 60.50 ± 12.84 Percentile T3: 66.05 ± 15.10 Persistently high (n: 13, 26.5%) Percentile T0 (admission): 68.93 ± 24.39 Percentile T1: 90.05 ± 8.58 Percentile T2: 89.58 ± 9.33 Percentile T3: 91.18 ± 7.89	–	Being younger at institutional admission posed a significant risk factor for impaired physical development across the three domains. Being a boy was a risk factor for compromised growth in weight and head circumference. Findings lead the researchers to believe that slower growth rates may be linked to younger infants in depriving contexts being highly susceptible to insufficient stimulation and support. The data shows that the pre- and perinatal circumstances that precede institutionalization influence children’s development in institutions. Children’s physical status at birth was also significantly associated with their growth trajectories. Children born longer, heavier and with larger head circumferences stayed in the persistently high groups for height and weight. The most favorable weight trajectory was associated with better interactions with caregivers.
Pysz, Leszczynska & Kopec (2015)	University of Physical Education in Krakow (percentiles)	–	–	–	Thinness or Underweight: 14% boys and 5% girls Normal BMI: 86% boys and 92% girls Overweight or obesity: 6% boys and 6% girls	–	Thickness of the sum of three skin folds in normal ranges: boys 83% and girls 85%	Thickness of skinfolds was measured in ∼90% of the participants both genders (in relation to a wide range of standards, between 10 and 90 percentiles). Strong correlation between the thickness of skinfold and gender. The average thicknesses of various skinfolds were higher in girls than in boys.
Smyke et al. (2007)	CDC IBC:123 CC: 62	Mean z-scores: IBC: −1.25 ± 1.07 CC: -.06 ± 1.02 p < 0.01	Mean z-scores: IBC: -.79 ± 1.03 CC: .002 ± .99 p < 0.001	Mean z-scores: IBC: -.89 ± .90 CC: .06 ± .98 p<0.001	–	Mean z-scores: IBC: -.77 ± .97 FBC: .17 ± (.79) p < 0.001	Size IBC: -.93 ± .77 FBC:.044 ± (.89) p < 0.001	Children living in IBC had poorer growth compared to CC. When birthweight was entered as a covariate, findings were similar, with the exception of weight for height, which was no longer significantly different. Physical size was examined and found that it was associated (positively) only with birth weight.
Middle East
El-Kassas & Ziade (2017)	World Health Organization (2009)	–	–	Stunting: <10 years: 11.3% ≥10 years: 16.4% Total: 13.7% p = 0.352	Normal: 90.8% Overweight (≥+2SD): 7.2% Obese (≥+3SD): 2% p = 0.311	–	–	Increasing age (OR: 5.201, 95% CI [1.347–20.085]), irregular breakfast intake (OR: 6.852, 95% CI [1.462–32.12]), and increased screen time more than two hours per day (OR: 12.126, 95% CI [2.659–55.288]) were associated with significantly higher odds of being stunted. Older age group had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity, compared to the younger age group.
South America
Nunes et al. (1999)	NCHS, type classified according to the Seone-Lathan classification	–	–	–	–	–	–	41% were malnourished, including both chronic and acute malnutrition cases. 49% of the girls and 40% of the boys had malnutrition. No significant difference between malnourished children and controls. 3% cerebral palsy; 3% developmental delay; 2.1% with microcephaly; .8% with fetal alcohol syndrome; 4.3% ADDH; 1.3% Down syndrome.
The Caribbean
Nelson (2016)	WHO	IBC Girls 5–11 years (n: 24): 0.006 ± 0.748 IBC Boys 5–11 years (n: 38): −0.229 ± 1.09 20% of IBC were mildly underweight, and 2.5% were moderately underweight. CC Girls 5–11 years (n: 39): 0.905 ± 1.30 CC Boys 5–11 years (n: 33): 0.252 ± 0.871 7.3% of CC were mildly underweight.	–	IBC Girls 5–11 years (n: 24): 0.509 ± 1.21 12–18 years (n: 20): 0.065 ± 0.962 IBC Boys 5–11 years (n: 33): −0.239 ± 1.29 12–18 years (n: 10): 0.991 ± 2.57 15.3% of IBC were mildly stunted, and 4.5% were moderately stunted. CC Girls 5–11 years (n: 39): 1.065 ± 0.984 12–18 years (n: 21): 0.785 ± 1.17 CC Boys 5–11 years (n: 33): 0.591 ± 0.928 12–18 years (n: 10): −0.044 ± 1.30 4.9% of CC were mildly stunted.	–	–	Mean MUAC IBC Girls 5–11 years (n: 24): 18.08 cm ± 2.0 12–18 years (n: 20) 22.55 cm ± 2.87 IBC Boys 5–11 years (n: 38): 17.35 cm ± 3.8 12–18 years (n:31): 23.21 cm ± 2.9 CC Girls 5–11 years (n: 39): 19.87 cm ± 3.6 12–18 years (n: 21) 24.01 cm ± 2.54 CC Boys 5–11 years (n: 33): 18.17 cm ± 2.1 12–18 years (n:10): 23.11 cm ± 3.1 Mean Triceps Skinfold IBC Girls 5–11 years (n: 39): 18.08 cm ± 2.0 12–18 years (n: 21) 22.55 cm ± 2.87 IBC Boys 5–11 years (n: 33): 17.35 cm ± 3.8 12–18 years (n:10): 23.21 cm ± 2.9 CC Girls 5–11 years (n: 39): 19.87 cm ± 3.6 12–18 years (n: 21) 24.01 cm ± 2.54 CC Boys 5–11 years (n: 33): 18.17 cm ± 2.1 12–18 years (n:10): 23.11 cm ± 3.1	Children living in institutional care were at higher risk for malnutrition. Young girls living with family members had significantly better anthropometric assessments of growth as compared to their peers living in IBC. However, the effect sizes were small, explaining only 4.4% (HAZ) to 10.3% (WAZ) of the variance in measurements of nutritional status observed between these groups.

Notes.

Study population

IBC

Institution-based Care

FBC

Family-based Care (orphaned or abandoned children in community settings)

CC

Community Children (non-orphans)

CLS

Children living on the Street

Anthropometric Measurement Method abbreviations

WHO

World Health Organization

NCHS

National Center for Health Statistics (USA)

CDC

Centers for Disease Control (USA)

BMI

Body Mass Index

ht

height

wt

weight

MUAC

Mid-pper Arm Circumference