Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the Meta-analysis.
| References (sources) | Study design | Gender/Age (y) | No. of cases (study size) | DIVCF assessment | Duration time (y) | Outcome | Study quality | Adjusted factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finck et al. (10) (Male subjects), UK | Cohort | M, 39–79 | 112/1,842 124/2,334 78/1,808 | 7-d Food record | 12.6 | Hip fracture Spine fracture | 7 | Age, family history of osteoporosis, BMI, smoking, physical activity, steroid medication, energy, Ca intake, Ca and vitamin D supplemental status, HRT |
| Finck et al. (10) (Female subjects), UK | Cohort | F, 39–79 | 339/2,525 | 7-d Food record | 12.6 | Hip fracture Spine fracture | 7 | Age, family history of osteoporosis, BMI, smoking, physical activity, steroid medication, energy, Ca intake, Ca and vitamin D supplemental status, HRT |
| Sun et al. (11) China | Case control | F/M, 42–79 | 726/1452 | Food Frequency Questionnaire | NA | Hip fracture | 5 | Age, sex, drugs, BMI, education, occupation, income, family history of fracture, smoking, alcohol, Ca and multi-vitamin supplement, physical activity, energy intake |
| Sahni et al. (12) USA | Cohort | F/M, 70–80 | 100/958 | Food Frequency Questionnaire | 15 | Hip fracture | 6 | Age, sex, energy intake, estrogen use, BMI, multi-vitamin use, height |
| Zhang et al. (13) USA | Case control | F/M, ≥50 | 1215/2,564 | Food Frequency Questionnaire | NA | Hip fracture | 8 | Age, sex, BMI, physical activity, energy, Ca, vitamin D, protein, caffeine, alcohol intake |
| Michaelsson et al. (14) Sweden | Case control | F, 40–75 | 247/1,140 | Food Frequency Questionnaire | NA | Hip fracture | 7 | Diabetes, fracture history, HRT, smoking, physical activity, BMI, energy intake |
| Nieves et al. (15) USA | Case control | F, 50–103 | 161/328 | Food Frequency Questionnaire | NA | Hip fracture | 6 | BMI, estrogen use, chronic disease/age and hospital matching |
| Sun et al. (16) China | Case control | F/M, 40–70 | 725/1,450 | Food Frequency Questionnaire | 5 | Hip fracture | 5 | Age, sex, drugs, BMI, educational level, occupation, household income, family history of fracture, smoking, alcohol drinking, calcium supplement use, multivitamin supplement use, physical activity, daily energy intake, and selected dietary nutrients intakes (protein, calcium, and phosphorous:energy-adjusted) |
| Kim and Lee (17) South Korea | Cross sectional | F/M, ≥50 | 1212/3,047 | 24-h recall | NA | Osteoporosis (<-2·5 T-score/LS-FN-TH), BMD | 8 | Age, sex, income, education, smoking, HRT, survey year, energy intake, Ca intake, blood vitamin D level |
| Sugiura et al. (18) Japan | Cohort | F, 30–70 | 17/187 | Food Frequency Questionnaire | 4 | Osteoporosis (T-sore exceeded 70 %/FA) | 6 | Age, weight, height, years since menopause, current tobacco use, alcohol intake, exercise habit, supplement use, energy intake, intake of Ca, Mg, K, vitamin D |
| Zhang et al. (19) China | Case control | F, 58.1 ± 6.7 | 60/159 | Food Frequency Questionnaire | NA | Osteoporosis (<-2·5 T-score/LS-FN-TH), BMD | 6 | Age, sex, BMI, physical activity, energy, Ca, vitamin D, protein, caffeine, alcohol intake |
| Yang and Kim (20) South Korea | Cross-sectional | M, 50–79 | 189/2,305 | 24-h recall | 3 | BMD | 7 | Age, weight, education, alcohol intake, exercise, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone |
| Park et al. (21) South Korea | Case control | F, 50–70 | 72/144 | Food Frequency Questionnaire | NA | Osteoporosis (<-2.5 T-score/LS-FN-FT), BMD | 5 | Energy intake, age, BMI, HRT/ age-matching |
| Macdonald et al. (22) UK | Cohort | F, 45–55 | 5/891 | Food Frequency Questionnaire | 5 | BMD | 7 | Age, weight, weight change, height, smoking, physical activity, socioeconomic status |
DIVCF, dietary intake of vitamin C-oriented foods; F, female; M, male; NA, Not application.