Table 4.
Summary of potential combination strategies in mismatch repair-proficient microsatellite instability-low colorectal cancer.
| Potential combination strategies | Target (s) | |
|---|---|---|
| ICIs + RT | RFA or EBRT + pembrolizumab [175] | PD-1 for Pembrolizumab |
| RFA + durvalumab + tremelimumab [177] | PD-L1 for Durvalumab | |
| CTLA-4 for Tremelimumab | ||
| ICIs + chemotherapy + anti-angiogenic agents | Atezolizumab + bevacizumab ± FOLFOX [182–184] | PD-L1 for Atezolizumab |
| VEGF for Bevacizumab | ||
| ICIs + MEK inhibitors | Atezolizumab + cobimetinib [187, 191] | PD-L1 for Atezolizumab |
| MEK for Cobimetinib | ||
| Nivolumab + ipilimumab + cobimetinib [193] | PD-1 for Nivolumab | |
| CTLA-4 for Ipilimumab | ||
| MEK for Cobimetinib | ||
| ICIs + MEK inhibitors + anti-angiogenic agents | Atezolizumab + cobimetinib + bevacizumab [192] | PD-L1 for Atezolizumab |
| MEK for Cobimetinib | ||
| VEGF for Bevacizumab | ||
| ICIs + BTC engaging antibody therapies | Atezolizumab + CEA-BTC antibody [88, 224, 225, 227] | PD-L1 for Atezolizumab |
| CEA for CEA-BTC antibody | ||
| ICIs + IDO1 inhibitor | Pembrolizumab + indoximod [235] | PD-1 for Pembrolizumab |
| IDO1 for Indoximod | ||
| Nivolumab + epacadostat [235] | PD-1 for Nivolumab | |
| IDO1 for Epacadostat | ||
| ICIs + anti-CSF1R antibody | Durvalumab + pexidartinib [238] | PD-L1 for Durvalumab |
| CSF1R for Pexidartinib | ||