Table 2.
List of Candidate Reference Chemicals affecting androgen levels.
| Chemical | CASRN | Potency values * | Direction of Effect (% studies) † | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest (μM) | Median (μM) | Highest (μM) | |||
| GROUP 1 | |||||
| 3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) | 57465-28-8 | - | 4.2E-03 | - | 74 |
| Prochloraz | 67747-09-5 | 1.0E-04 | 3.5E-02 | 7.4E+00 | 100 |
| 2,4-Dinitrophenol | 51-28-5 | 1.0E-04 | 1.0E-01 | 1.0E+02 | 67 |
| Tebuconazole | 107534-96-3 | 1.1E-02 | 1.0E-01 | 1.0E+00 | 100 |
| 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Chlorinated biphenyl (PCB153) | 35065-27-1 | 1.4E-02 | 1.4E-01 | 1.3E+01 | 93 |
| Zearalenone | 17924-92-4 | 1.0E-02 | 3.0E-01 | 3.1E+01 | 60 |
| Ketoconazole | 65277-42-1 | 6.0E-03 | 3.4E-01 | 5.0E+00 | 98 |
| Forskolin | 66575-29-9 | 1.0E-02 | 1.0E+00 | 1.0E+01 | 99 |
| Fadrozole | 102676-31-3 | 3.0E-01 | 1.8E+00 | 1.0E+02 | 71 |
| Fenarimol | 60168-88-9 | 1.0E-01 | 1.8E+00 | 1.0E+01 | 100 |
| Butylparaben | 94-26-8 | 1.0E+00 | 3.0E+00 | 1.0E+01 | 50 |
| 3,5,4'-Triacetylresveratrol | 42206-94-0 | 1.0E+00 | 3.2E+00 | 1.0E+01 | 100 |
| Spironolactone | 52-01-7 | 1.0E+00 | 3.2E+00 | 1.0E+01 | 100 |
| Genistein | 446-72-0 | 1.0E-05 | 5.0E+00 | 3.0E+02 | 100 |
| Daidzein | 486-66-8 | 1.0E-01 | 5.0E+00 | 5.0E+01 | 93 |
| 3,5-Diacetylresveratrol | 411233-14-2 | 5.0E+00 | 7.1E+00 | 1.0E+01 | 100 |
| Aminoglutethimide | 125-84-8 | 1.0E+00 | 1.0E+01 | 1.0E+02 | 78 |
| Atrazine | 1912-24-9 | 1.0E+00 | 1.0E+01 | 1.0E+02 | 93 |
| Bisphenol A (BPA) | 80-05-7 | 1.0E-05 | 1.0E+01 | 4.4E+01 | 96 |
| Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) | 117-81-7 | 1.0E-03 | 1.0E+01 | 2.6E+01 | 80 |
| Finasteride | 98319-26-7 | 1.0E+01 | 1.0E+01 | 1.0E+02 | 100 |
| Propiconazole | 60207-90-1 | 6.3E+00 | 1.0E+01 | 1.0E+01 | 100 |
| Dexamethasone | 50-02-2 | 1.3E+01 | 1.3E+01 | 1.3E+01 | 73 |
| Resveratrol | 501-36-0 | 7.5E+00 | 1.4E+01 | 2.5E+01 | 100 |
| Vinclozolin | 50471-44-8 | 1.2E-01 | 1.7E+01 | 1.0E+02 | 88 |
| Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) | 335-67-1 | 3.0E-02 | 5.0E+01 | 2.5E+02 | 91 |
| Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) | 4376-20-9 | 3.6E-01 | 5.7E+01 | 1.0E+03 | 71 |
| Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) | 1763-23-1 | 1.0E-01 | 2.0E+02 | 6.0E+02 | 75 |
| Metformin | 657-24-9 | 5.0E+02 | 7.1E+02 | 1.0E+03 | 100 |
| GROUP 2 | |||||
| Ethinylestradiol | 57-63-6 | 1.0E-01 | 1.0E-01 | 1.0E-01 | 100 |
| Tamoxifen | 10540-29-1 | 1.0E-01 | 5.5E-01 | 3.0E+00 | 75 |
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate | 26040-51-7 | 2.1E-01 | 6.7E-01 | 2.1E+00 | 100 |
| 1,2,5,6-Tetrabromocyclooctane | 3194-57-8 | 7.0E-02 | 7.0E-01 | 7.0E+00 | 50 |
| Nifedipine | 21829-25-4 | 1.0E+00 | 1.0E+00 | 1.0E+00 | 100 |
| Epoxiconazole | 133855-98-8 | 1.0E+00 | 1.5E+00 | 3.0E+00 | 100 |
| Tricresyl phosphate | 1330-78-5 | 2.7E-01 | 1.6E+00 | 1.0E+01 | 100 |
| Apigenin | 520-36-5 | - | 5.5E+00 | - | 100 |
| Coumestrol | 479-13-0 | 5.0E+00 | 5.8E+00 | 6.7E+00 | 50 |
| 1,1,2,2-Tetrahydroperfluoro-1-decanol | 678-39-7 | 3.1E+00 | 8.3E+00 | 2.2E+01 | 100 |
| Aspirin | 50-78-2 | 1.0E+01 | 1.0E+01 | 5.0E+03 | 100 |
| Chlorpyrifos | 2921-88-2 | 1.0E+00 | 1.0E+01 | 1.0E+01 | 100 |
| Paracetamol | 103-90-2 | 5.0E-01 | 1.0E+01 | 1.0E+02 | 100 |
| Piperonyl butoxide | 51-03-6 | 1.0E+01 | 1.0E+01 | 1.0E+01 | 100 |
| Terbuthylazine | 5915-41-3 | 1.0E+01 | 1.1E+01 | 1.3E+01 | 100 |
| 17α-Methyltestosterone | 58-18-4 | 1.0E-01 | 1.0E+02 | 1.0E+03 | 100 |
| Letrozole | 112809-51-5 | 1.8E+01 | 1.0E+02 | 1.0E+02 | 88 |
| Myclobutanil | 88671-89-0 | 1.0E+02 | 1.0E+02 | 1.0E+02 | 93 |
| Triadimefon | 43121-43-3 | 1.0E+01 | 1.0E+02 | 1.0E+02 | 92 |
| Nonoxynol-9 | 26027-38-3 | 1.0E+00 | 3.0E+02 | 1.0E+03 | 100 |
| Trilostane | 13647-35-3 | NA | NA | NA | 50 |
| NEGATIVES | HCT (μM) | ||||
| 2-Ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate | 183658-27-7 | 9.1E-01 | |||
| 6-OH-BDE-47 | 1017894-49-3 | 1.0E+00 | |||
| 6-OH-BDE-85 | 1219628-90-6 | 1.0E+00 | |||
| 2'-OH-BDE-68 | 79755-43-4 | 1.0E+00 | |||
| 2'-MeO-BDE-68 | 96920-28-4 | 1.0E+01 | |||
| 5-Cl-6-MeO-BDE-47 | 497106-81-7 | 1.0E+01 | |||
| 5-Cl-6-OH-BDE-47 | 497069-18-8 | 1.0E+01 | |||
| 6-MeO-BDE-47 | 102739-99-1 | 1.0E+01 | |||
| Benomyl | 17804-35-2 | 1.0E+01 | |||
| Oxytetracycline | 6153-64-6 | 4.0E+01 | |||
| Prometon | 1610-18-0 < | 1.0E+02 | |||
| 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid | 94-75-7 | 5.0E+02 | |||
| Danazol | 17230-88-5 | 5.0E+02 | |||
| Acetone | 67-64-1 | 5.1E+05 | |||
Potency values: Positive H295R and gonadal studies testing the effect of a chemical in at least two concentrations on T levels were used for median potency calculation; AC50s were considered when LELs were not reported. For negative chemicals, the HCT is reported. Only one study reporting effects on T included for PCB126 and apigenin.
All H295R and gonadal studies and protocols demonstrating an effect on androgen levels were included for characterization of direction of effect. A cut-off of 75% was applied to determine a predominant effect direction. The colors green and red indicate chemicals predominantly causing decreases and increases in androgen levels, respectively, and the numbers reflect the percentage of studies affected. Chemicals without a predominant effect are not colored, and the number represents the percentage of studies showing a decrease in androgen levels.
LEL: Lowest Effect Level; HCT: Highest concentration tested