Table 3.
Association of common risk factors at inclusion and follow-up with carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) over 7 years in patients with SLE and controls
| Effect of risk factors at inclusion | Effect of risk factors at follow-up | |||
| Beta coefficient (95% CI) | P value | Beta coefficient (95% CI) | P value | |
| Systolic blood pressure | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0014 (0.0004 to 0.0025) | 0.008* | 0.0006 (−0.0005 to 0.0016) | 0.3 |
| Model 2 | 0.0015 (0.0003 to 0.0026) | 0.013† | NS | |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0011 (−0.001 to 0.0022) | 0.052 | 0.0007 (−0.0003 to 0.0017) | |
| Model 2 | 0.0010 (−0.0002 to 0.0021) | 0.102 | NS | 0.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0016 (0.0001 to 0.0031) | 0.047 | 0.0005 (−0.0013 to 0.0024) | 0.6 |
| Model 2 | 0.0016 (0.0 to 0.0033) | 0.061 | NS | |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0001 (−0.002 to 0.0019) | 0.9 | −0.0012 (−0.0032 to 0.0008) | 0.3 |
| Total cholesterol | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | −0.0018 (−0.0203 to 0.0167) | 0.8 | −0.0059 (−0.0248 to 0.0129) | 0.5 |
| Controls Model 1 | −0.0089 (−0.0295 to 0.0117) | 0.4 | 0.0191 (−0.0027 to 0.0409) | 0.085 |
| Model 2 | NS | 0.0236 (0.0002 to 0.0475) | 0.052 | |
| LDL-cholesterol | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0060 (−0.0170 to 0.0293) | 0.6 | 0.0042 (−0.0187 to 0.0270) | 0.7 |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0001 (−0.0235 to 0.0253) | 0.9 | 0.0117 (−0.0101 to 0.0335) | 0.3 |
| HDL-cholesterol | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | −0.0573 (−0.9889 to −0.0158) | 0.007* | −0.0850 (−0.1292 to −0.0408) | <0.001* |
| Model 2 | −0.0598 (−0.1026 to −0.0171) | 0.007† | −0.0922 (−0.1421 to −0.0424) | <0.001† |
| Controls Model 1 | −0.0401 (−0.0729 to −0.0075) | 0.017* | −0.0481 (−0.0921 to −0.0041) | 0.033* |
| Model 2 | −0.0359 (−0.0707 to −0.0011) | 0.043 | −0.0573 (−0.1042 to −0.0103) | 0.018† |
| TC:HDL ratio | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0272 (0.0094 to 0.0450) | 0.003* | 0.0245 (0.0056 to 0.0434) | 0.012* |
| Model 2 | 0.0312 (0.0140 to 0.0483) | 0.001† | 0.0277 (0.0080 to 0.0473) | 0.006† |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0156 (−0.0067 to 0.0378) | 0.2 | 0.0090 (−0.0129 to 0.0310) | 0.4 |
| LDL:HDL ratio | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0336 (0.0105 to 0.0567) | 0.005* | 0.0277 (0.0040 to 0.0514) | 0.023* |
| Model 2 | 0.0402 (0.0179 to 0.0625) | 0.001† | 0.0316 (0.0072 to 0.0560) | 0.012† |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0169 (−0.0095 to 0.0434) | 0.2 | 0.0079 (−0.0166 to 0.0325) | 0.5 |
| Triglycerides | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0431 (0.0067 to 0.0797) | 0.021* | 0.0276 (−0.0049 to 0.0600) | 0.095 |
| Model 2 | 0.0400 (0.0033 to 0.0767) | 0.033† | 0.0318 (−0.0043 to 0.0679) | 0.083 |
| Controls Model 1 | −0.0221 (−0.0692 to 0.0251) | 0.4 | 0.0211 (−0.0268 to 0.0689) | 0.4 |
| BMI | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0041 (−0.0003 to 0.0086) | 0.064 | 0.0023 (−0.0014 to 0.0060) | 0.2 |
| Model 2 | 0.0029 (−0.0018 to 0.0077) | 0.2 | NS | |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0022 (−0.0026 to 0.0070) | 0.4 | 0.0008 (−0.0038 to 0.0055) | 0.7 |
| Smoking ever vs never | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0056 (−0.0351 to 0.0463) | 0.8 | 0.0092 (−0.0322 to 0.0507) | 0.7 |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0127 (−0.0275 to 0.0259) | 0.5 | 0.0125 (−0.0290 to 0.0539) | 0.6 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0527 (0.0125 to 0.0928) | 0.011* | 0.0452 (−0.0004 to 0.0909) | 0.052 |
| Model 2 | 0.0404 (−0.0030 to 0.0838) | 0.067 | 0.0579 (0.0092 to 0.1066) | 0.020† |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0083 (−0.0403 to 0.0570) | 0.7 | 0.0027 (−0.0406 to 0.0460) | 0.9 |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0735 (−0.0502 to 0.1972) | 0.2 | 0.0089 (−0.0622 to 0.0801) | 0.8 |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0137 (−0.1111 to 0.1385) | 0.8 | 0.0138 (−0.0893 to 0.1170) | 0.8 |
| Dyslipidaemia | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0362 (−0.0050 to 0.0773) | 0.084 | 0.0624 (0.0201 to 0.1048) | 0.004 |
| Model 2 | 0.0506 (0.0084 to 0.0928) | 0.019† | 0.0788 (0.0328 to 0.1249) | 0.001† |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0501 (0.0010 to 0.0903) | 0.015* | 0.0228 (−0.0186 to 0.0643) | 0.3 |
| Model 2 | 0.0536 (0.0125 to 0.0947) | 0.011† | NS | |
| Obesity | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0368 (−0.0209 to 0.0945) | 0.2 | 0.0379 (−0.0102 to 0.0859) | 0.1 |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0404 (−0.0271 to 0.1079) | 0.2 | 0.0181 (−0.0351 to 0.0712) | 0.5 |
| Family history of CV disease | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0017 (−0.0428 to 0.0462) | 0.9 | 0.0040 (−0.0392 to 0.0471) | 0.9 |
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0281 (−0.0155 to 0.0718) | 0.2 | 0.0383 (−0.0076 to 0.0774) | 0.068 |
| Model 2 | NS | 0.0368 (−0.0005 to 0.0783) | 0.081† | |
| Carotid plaque at inclusion | ||||
| SLE Model 1 | 0.0949 (0.0588 to 0.1331) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Model 2 | 0.0756 (0.0353 to 0.1158) | <0.001† | ||
| Controls Model 1 | 0.0583 (0.0116 to 0.1050) | 0.015 | ||
| Model 2 | 0.0667 (0.0221 to 0.1114) | 0.004† | ||
Presented results of beta coefficients with 95% CI are based on mixed linear regression models with two measurements of mean cIMT overtime as response.
Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2 was run only for the variables with p value <0.1 in model 1, and included, in addition to age and sex, traditional CV risk factors as ever smoking, hypertension (or systolic/diastolic blood pressure if indicated by analysis), diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia (or blood lipids if indicated by analysis), BMI, family history of CV disease and interaction terms of tested independent variables by assessment visit.
Results indicated as NS if p value >0.10 in model 2.
*P value <0.05 withal by additional adjustment for medication prescription at inclusion or follow-up, if indicated.
†P value <0.05 withal by additional adjustment for history of atherosclerotic CV event.
BMI, body mass index; CV, cardiovascular; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NS, not significant; TC, total cholesterol.