Pest categorisation of non‐EU Acleris spp.

Abstract

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of non‐EU Acleris spp. Acleris is a well‐defined insect genus in the family Tortricidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Species can be identified using taxonomic keys based on adult morphology and genitalia. The genus includes 261 species attacking conifers and non‐conifer plants in many areas in the world, among which 40 species are present in the EU. The non‐EU species are collectively listed in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as Acleris spp. (non‐European). Some species are important defoliators in North America, mainly on conifers but also on several broadleaf trees. Females lay eggs on the leaves or on the bark. The larvae bind together with silk the leaves upon which they feed. Pupation occurs in leaves attached with silk or in the soil. Some species are univoltine; others are bivoltine or multivoltine. Flight capacity is not documented, but outbreak expansion suggests that the adults can probably fly long distances. The main pathways for entry are host plants for planting with or without soil, cut branches, fruits of host plants (including cones), round wood with bark and bark. The presence of host plants and suitable EU climate would allow the establishment of the known non‐EU harmful species. In the literature, nine non‐EU Acleris species are reported as pests on various host plants, namely A. gloverana, A. variana, A. minuta, A. nishidai, A. issikii, A. semipurpurana, A. robinsoniana, A. senescens and A. nivisellana. These non‐EU Acleris spp. satisfy all the criteria to be considered as Union quarantine pests. Concerning the other 212 non‐EU Acleris species, there is scarce information on host plants, pests status and climatic suitability. Measures are in place to prevent the introduction of non‐EU Acleris spp. through the pathways described in the document. As non‐EU Acleris spp. are not present in the EU and plants for planting are not the major pathway for spread, non‐EU Acleris spp. do not meet the criteria to be considered as regulated non‐quarantine pests.

1. Introduction

1.1. Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor

1.1.1. Background

Council Directive 2000/29/EC1 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.

Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/20312 on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorisations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/pest categorisation is not available.

1.1.2. Terms of Reference

EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002,3 to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.

EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.

The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix 1, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 1 is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix 2, comprising the group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by Xylella fastidiosa), the group of Tephritidae (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L., and the group of Margarodes (non‐EU species). The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 2 is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix 3 cover pests of Annex I part A section I and all pest categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.

For the above‐mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under “such as” notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criteria to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases, is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.

Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.

1.1.2.1. Terms of Reference: Appendix 1

List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.

Annex IIAI
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Aleurocanthus spp.	Numonia pyrivorella (Matsumura)
Anthonomus bisignifer (Schenkling)	Oligonychus perditus Pritchard and Baker
Anthonomus signatus (Say)	Pissodes spp. (non‐EU)
Aschistonyx eppoi Inouye	Scirtothrips aurantii Faure
Carposina niponensis Walsingham	Scirtothrips citri (Moultex)
Enarmonia packardi (Zeller)	Scolytidae spp. (non‐EU)
Enarmonia prunivora Walsh	Scrobipalpopsis solanivora Povolny
Grapholita inopinata Heinrich	Tachypterellus quadrigibbus Say
Hishomonus phycitis	Toxoptera citricida Kirk.
Leucaspis japonica Ckll.	Unaspis citri Comstock
Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel)
(b) Bacteria
Citrus variegated chlorosis	Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. oryzicola (Fang. et al.) Dye
Erwinia stewartii (Smith) Dye
(c) Fungi
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)	Elsinoe spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes
Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Kilian and Maire) Gordon
Apiosporina morbosa (Schwein.) v. Arx	Guignardia piricola (Nosa) Yamamoto
Ceratocystis virescens (Davidson) Moreau	Puccinia pittieriana Hennings
Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae (Hori and Nambu) Deighton	Stegophora ulmea (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow & Sydow
Cercospora angolensis Carv. and Mendes	Venturia nashicola Tanaka and Yamamoto
(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms
Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)	Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)
Black raspberry latent virus	Leprosis
Blight and blight‐like	Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)
Cadang‐Cadang viroid	Naturally spreading psorosis
Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm	Tatter leaf virus
Satsuma dwarf virus	Witches’ broom (MLO)
Annex IIB
(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Anthonomus grandis (Boh.)	Ips cembrae Heer
Cephalcia lariciphila (Klug)	Ips duplicatus Sahlberg
Dendroctonus micans Kugelan	Ips sexdentatus Börner
Gilphinia hercyniae (Hartig)	Ips typographus Heer
Gonipterus scutellatus Gyll.	Sternochetus mangiferae Fabricius
Ips amitinus Eichhof
(b) Bacteria
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins and Jones
(c) Fungi
Glomerella gossypii Edgerton	Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) J. Miller
Gremmeniella abietina (Lag.) Morelet

1.1.2.2. Terms of Reference: Appendix 2

List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.

Annex IAI
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by Xylella fastidiosa), such as:
1) Carneocephala fulgida Nottingham	3) Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret)
2) Draeculacephala minerva Ball
Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:
1) Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann)	12) Pardalaspis cyanescens Bezzi
2) Anastrepha ludens (Loew)	13) Pardalaspis quinaria Bezzi
3) Anastrepha obliqua Macquart	14) Pterandrus rosa (Karsch)
4) Anastrepha suspensa (Loew)	15) Rhacochlaena japonica Ito
5) Dacus ciliatus Loew	16) Rhagoletis completa Cresson
6) Dacus curcurbitae Coquillet	17) Rhagoletis fausta (Osten‐Sacken)
7) Dacus dorsalis Hendel	18) Rhagoletis indifferens Curran
8) Dacus tryoni (Froggatt)	19) Rhagoletis mendax Curran
9) Dacus tsuneonis Miyake	20) Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh
10) Dacus zonatus Saund.	21) Rhagoletis suavis (Loew)
11) Epochra canadensis (Loew)
(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms
Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:
1) Andean potato latent virus	4) Potato black ringspot virus
2) Andean potato mottle virus	5) Potato virus T
3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain	6) non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus
Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L., such as:
1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus	8) Peach yellows mycoplasm
2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)	9) Plum line pattern virus (American)
3) Peach mosaic virus (American)	10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)
4) Peach phony rickettsia	11) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma
5) Peach rosette mosaic virus	12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L.
6) Peach rosette mycoplasm
7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm
Annex IIAI
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Group of Margarodes (non‐EU species) such as:
1) Margarodes vitis (Phillipi)	3) Margarodes prieskaensis Jakubski
2) Margarodes vredendalensis de Klerk

1.1.2.3. Terms of Reference: Appendix 3

List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.

Annex IAI
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Acleris spp. (non‐EU)	Longidorus diadecturus Eveleigh and Allen
Amauromyza maculosa (Malloch)	Monochamus spp. (non‐EU)
Anomala orientalis Waterhouse	Myndus crudus Van Duzee
Arrhenodes minutus Drury	Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne) Thorne and Allen
Choristoneura spp. (non‐EU)	Naupactus leucoloma Boheman
Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst)	Premnotrypes spp. (non‐EU)
Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetverikov	Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus (Zimmermann)
Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence	Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus (Eichhoff)
Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber	Scaphoideus luteolus (Van Duzee)
Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata Mannerheim	Spodoptera eridania (Cramer)
Diabrotica virgifera zeae Krysan & Smith	Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)
Diaphorina citri Kuway	Spodoptera litura (Fabricus)
Heliothis zea (Boddie)	Thrips palmi Karny
Hirschmanniella spp., other than Hirschmanniella gracilis (de Man) Luc and Goodey	Xiphinema americanum Cobb sensu lato (non‐EU populations)
Liriomyza sativae Blanchard	Xiphinema californicum Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo
(b) Fungi
Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt	Guignardia laricina (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito
Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli Dietel	Gymnosporangium spp. (non‐EU)
Cronartium spp. (non‐EU)	Inonotus weirii (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar
Endocronartium spp. (non‐EU)	Melampsora farlowii (Arthur) Davis
Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis Ito et al.	Septoria lycopersici Speg. var. malagutii Ciccarone and Boerema
Mycosphaerella populorum G. E. Thompson Thecaphora solani Barrus
Phoma andina Turkensteen	Trechispora brinkmannii (Bresad.) Rogers
Phyllosticta solitaria Ell. and Ev.
(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms
Tobacco ringspot virus	Pepper mild tigré virus
Tomato ringspot virus	Squash leaf curl virus
Bean golden mosaic virus	Euphorbia mosaic virus
Cowpea mild mottle virus	Florida tomato virus
Lettuce infectious yellows virus
(d) Parasitic plants
Arceuthobium spp. (non‐EU)
Annex IAII
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Meloidogyne fallax Karssen	Rhizoecus hibisci Kawai and Takagi
Popillia japonica Newman
(b) Bacteria
Clavibacter michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. sepedonicus (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis et al.	Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.
(c) Fungi
Melampsora medusae Thümen	Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) Percival
Annex I B
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say	Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach)
(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms
Beet necrotic yellow vein virus

1.2. Interpretation of the Terms of Reference

Acleris spp. (non‐European Union (EU)) are listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether they fulfil the criteria of quarantine pests or those of regulated non‐quarantine pests for the area of the EU excluding Ceuta, Melilla and the outermost regions of Member States (MSs) referred to in Article 355(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), other than Madeira and the Azores.

2. Data and methodologies

2.1. Data

2.1.1. Literature search

A literature search on Acleris spp. was conducted at the beginning of the categorisation in the ISI Web of Science bibliographic database, using the scientific name of the genus as search term. Relevant papers were reviewed, and further references and information were obtained from experts, as well as from citations within the references and grey literature.

2.1.2. Database search

Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) Global Database (EPPO, online) and relevant publications.

The Europhyt database was consulted for pest‐specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web‐based network run by the Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTÉ) of the European Commission and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto‐Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. The Europhyt database manages notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation, as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the MS and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread.

2.2. Methodologies

The Panel performed the pest categorisation for Acleris spp., following guiding principles and steps presented in the EFSA guidance on quantitative pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018) and in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 11 (FAO, 2013) and No 21 (FAO, 2004).

This work was initiated following an evaluation of the EU plant health regime. Therefore, to facilitate the decision‐making process, in the conclusions of the pest categorisation, the Panel addresses explicitly each criterion for a Union quarantine pest and for a Union regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP) in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, and includes additional information required in accordance with the specific ToR received by the European Commission. In addition, for each conclusion, the Panel provides a short description of its associated uncertainty.

Table 1 presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. All relevant criteria have to be met for the pest to potentially qualify either as a quarantine pest or as a RNQP. If one of the criteria is not met, the pest will not qualify. A pest that does not qualify as a quarantine pest may still qualify as a RNQP that needs to be addressed in the opinion. For the pests regulated in the protected zones only, the scope of the categorisation is the territory of the protected zone; thus, the criteria refer to the protected zone instead of the EU territory.

Table 1.

Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)

Criterion of pest categorisation	Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest	Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32–35)	Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest
Identity of the pest (Section 3.1)	Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?	Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?	Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?
Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section 3.2)	Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly!	Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a protected zone quarantine organism	Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a RNQP. (A regulated non‐quarantine pest must be present in the risk assessment area)
Regulatory status (Section 3.3)	If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future	The protected zone system aligns with the pest‐free area system under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) The pest satisfies the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest that is not present in the risk assessment area (i.e. protected zone)	Is the pest regulated as a quarantine pest? If currently regulated as a quarantine pest, are there grounds to consider its status could be revoked?
Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section 3.4)	Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways!	Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the protected zone areas? Is entry by natural spread from EU areas where the pest is present possible?	Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects? Clearly state if plants for planting is the main pathway!
Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section 3.5)	Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?	Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the protected zone areas?	Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?
Available measures (Section 3.6)	Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?	Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the protected zone areas such that the risk becomes mitigated? Is it possible to eradicate the pest in a restricted area within 24 months (or a period longer than 24 months where the biology of the organism so justifies) after the presence of the pest was confirmed in the protected zone?	Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?
Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section 4)	A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met	A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met	A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential RNQP were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met

It should be noted that the Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regard to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, the Panel will present a summary of the observed pest impacts. Economic impacts are expressed in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, whereas addressing social impacts is outside the remit of the Panel.

The Panel will not indicate in its conclusions of the pest categorisation whether to continue the risk assessment process, but following the agreed two‐step approach, will continue only if requested by the risk managers. However, during the categorisation process, experts may identify key elements and knowledge gaps that could contribute significant uncertainty to a future assessment of risk. It would be useful to identify and highlight such gaps so that potential future requests can specifically target the major elements of uncertainty, perhaps suggesting specific scenarios to examine.

3. Pest categorisation

3.1. Identity and biology of the pest

3.1.1. Identity and taxonomy

3.1.1.1.

Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?

Yes, the identity of the non‐EU Acleris species is well established. The different species can be identified using taxonomic keys based on adult morphology and their genitalia.

Acleris Hübner is an insect genus in the family Tortricidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Subfamily: Tortricinae, Tribe: Tortricini). It includes 261 species distributed in all around the world (Razowski et al., 2010; Gilligan and Epstein, 2012; Gilligan et al., 2018). The different species can be identified using taxonomic keys based on adult morphology and the genitalia of both sexes.

Although the species Acleris gloverana is mentioned under this name in most of the literature (Brown, 2006), it is referred to as Acleris gloveranus in the Tortricid.net database (Brown et al., 2008). The bases for this discrepancy have not been found in the literature. For the purpose of this opinion, we use the name A. gloverana.

3.1.2. Biology of the pest

The genus Acleris includes 221 non‐EU species (Appendix A). They primarily feed on leaves. The biology of the species known as major pests, which has been used as a criterion to identify those species subjected to this categorisation, is summarised here. Unless specified otherwise, much of the information in this section has been drawn from Gilligan and Epstein (2012).

The non‐EU Acleris include two major defoliators of conifers that occur in North America, A. variana and A. gloverana also known as eastern and western blackheaded budworm, respectively (Nealis and Turnquist, 2010; Johns et al., 2016). Both species complete one generation per year. Adults appear in mid‐summer till early September and lay eggs in the underside of the needles at the upper part of the host plants. Eggs overwinter and hatch in next spring. Larvae feed initially in the buds and later on the needles which are folded or tied together with silk. Pupation occurs in a sheath made of needles attached with silk.

Acleris minuta attacks various deciduous hosts in the families Rosaceae, Myricaceae, Ericaceae and Salicaceae. It completes two to three generations per year depending on latitude. Adults of the first and second generation are orange or yellow and are present in June and August. Adults of the third generation are grey and are present in October. It overwinters as adult. Eggs are laid singly on bark in the spring or on leaves in the summer. Eggs hatch in 7–10 days and first instar larvae feed on the underside of leaves. Later instars web together leaves to create a shelter or fold single leaves where they feed and then pupate (Weatherby, 1982).

Acleris semipurpurana attacks mainly oak trees. It completes one generation per year and eggs are the overwintering stage. In Spring, young larvae feed in buds and later use silk to tie sections of leaves together and feed inside the folds. The fully grown larvae are whitish to light green. The pale head capsule has black bars on the sides. Usually in May, the mature larvae spin down to the ground and pupate in the soil litter. Pupation lasts from 1 to 2 weeks. Adults emerge and mate, and eggs are deposited individually on the bark of second‐year branches. Only one generation per year has been reported (USDA, 1979).

Other species such as Acleris robinsoniana, Acleris senescens and Acleris nivisellana attack several deciduous plants among which the Rosaceae. They complete one or two generations per year.

Acleris nishidai is known only from the mountains of central Costa Rica. It feeds on Rubus spp. (Rosaceae). Larvae may be relatively abundant on cultivated blackberry, and are responsible for heavy damage. A. nishidai is therefore considered as a pest in Costa Rica (Brown and Nishida, 2008).

Acleris issikii has two generations per year with adults on wing from June to July and again from September to October. Larvae feed on Salix integra, Populus nigra and Populus sieboldii.

Figure 1.

Acleris gloverana male. The wingspan is about 20 mm. (Todd M. Gilligan and Marc E. Epstein, TortAI: Tortricids of Agricultural Importance, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org)

Figure 2.

Acleris gloverana late instar larva (size 10–15 mm) (Tom Gray, Canadian Forest Service, Bugwood.org)

Figure 3.

Damage on Abies balsamea by Acleris variana larvae. (Rick West, Canadian Forest Service, Bugwood.org)

3.1.3. Intraspecific diversity

No intraspecific diversity has been reported.

3.1.4. Detection and identification of the pest

3.1.4.1.

Are detection and identification methods available for the pest?

Yes, the pest can be detected and identified visually. For some species, pheromones have been identified and could be used for detection.

For all non‐EU Acleris species, detailed description of the adults and male and female genitalia is available for identification. For several species including those which have been reported as pests, online identification keys based on adult morphological characters are available. For several species, molecular tools have been developed for their identification (Obraztsov, 1963; Razowski et al., 2010; Gilligan and Epstein, 2012).

Detection of non‐EU Acleris species is based on the presence of larval feeding damage, which is typical of a leafroller insect. Feeding larvae or damaged leaves could be detected visually by the presence of silk used to tie or fold infested leaves. In addition, for several Acleris species (e.g. A. gloverana, A. minuta and A. variana), the pheromone has been identified and could be used for detection with pheromone traps (Gries et al., 1994; Gray et al., 1996; Nealis et al., 2010; Pherobase 2019).

3.2. Pest distribution

3.2.1. Pest distribution outside the EU

In Appendix A, information about the distribution of all non‐EU Acleris can be found based on Gilligan and Epstein (2012) and the EPPO Global Database (EPPO, online). For the non‐EU Acleris that are reported as pests, distribution data are summarized in Table 2. The distribution of two major pests, A. gloverana and A. variana, are presented in Figures 4 and 5.

Table 2.

Geographic distribution of nine non‐EU Acleris species reported as pests

Species	Distribution	Reference
A. gloverana (A. gloveranus)	Alaska and northwestern Canada south to northern California and east to western Montana	Gilligan and Epstein (2012)
A. issikii	Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China, East Russia	Oku (1957), Byun and Yan (2004)
A. minuta	Widely distributed in eastern North America. No record was found for Sweden or any European countries; in particular, the pest is not included in the Fauna Europaea database (de Jong et al., 2014, accessed on 24 September 2019)	Gilligan and Epstein (2012), EPPO (2015)
A. nishidai	Costa Rica	Brown and Nishida (2008)
A. nivisellana	Northeastern United States across southern Canada to British Columbia and south to California. In the United States, it is found mainly north of the 40th parallel	Gilligan and Epstein (2012)
A. robinsoniana	Northeastern United States across southern Canada to British Columbia and south to California	Gilligan and Epstein (2012)
A. semipurpurana	USA, Ohio	Gilligan and Epstein (2012)
A. senescens	Pacific Coast of North America from British Columbia south to California	Gilligan and Epstein (2012)
A. variana	Eastern Canada and Northeastern United States	Gilligan and Epstein (2012)

Figure 4.

Global distribution map for Acleris gloverana (extracted from the EPPO Global Database accessed on 24 June 2019)

Figure 5.

Global distribution map for Acleris variana (extracted from the EPPO Global Database accessed on 24 June 2019)

3.2.2. Pest distribution in the EU

3.2.2.1.

Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU?

No, non‐EU species of the genus Acleris are not present in the EU territory.

For a list of Acleris species present in the EU, please see Appendix B.

3.3. Regulatory status

3.3.1. Council Directive 2000/29/EC

Acleris species are listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Details are presented in Table 3.

Table 3.

Acleris spp. in Council Directive 2000/29/EC

Annex I, Part A	Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all member states shall be banned
Section I	Harmful organisms not known to occur in any part of the community and relevant for the entire community
(a)	Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
	Species
1.	Acleris spp. (non‐European)

3.3.2. Legislation addressing the hosts of Acleris spp

Acleris spp. (non‐European) are listed on Annex IAI, which indicates that they are regulated for all plant genera and commodities. Some host plants used by Acleris spp. are listed in the import prohibitions of Annex III or specific requirements in Annex IV of Council Directive 2000/29/EC (see Section 3.4.2).

3.4. Entry, establishment and spread in the EU

3.4.1. Host range

The nine species considered as potential pests attack a range of host plant families that include Betulaceae; Cupressaceae; Ericaceae; Fagaceae; Myricaceae; Pinaceae, Rosaceae and Salicaceae (Brown et al., 2008), and the following species or genera:

Abies spp.; Alnus spp.; Betula spp.; Calluna sp.; Crataegus spp.; Kalmia sp.; Larix spp.; Malus sp.; Myrica gale; Physocarpus malvaceus; Picea spp.; Pinus spp.; Populus spp.; Prunus spp.; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Pyrus sp.; Quercus spp.; Rosa spp.; Rubus spp.; Salix spp.; Sorbus spp.; Thuja plicata; Tsuga spp.; Vaccinium spp. (Brown et al., 2008).

A more complete list of host plants is provided in Appendix A.

3.4.2. Entry

3.4.2.1.

Is the pest able to enter into the EU territory? If yes, identify and list the pathways.

Yes, non‐EU Acleris are able to enter as eggs or pupae on plants for planting belonging to one of the families listed in section 3.4.1. and as eggs on the bark of round wood with bark of host plants. A. semipurpurana also pupates in the soil and therefore could travel with potted plants.

The main pathways of entry are:

• Plants for planting (including seeds) of the host plants, with or without soil

• Cut branches of host plants

• Fruits (including cones of conifers) of host plants

• Round wood with bark of host plants

• Bark of host plants

For the pathways listed above, the following prohibitions (Annex III) or special requirements (Annex IV) are in place:

Plants for planting

• Plants of Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, and plants with leaves of Quercus, other than fruit and seeds – prohibited from non‐European countries (Annex IIIAI 1 and 2.)

• Plants with leaves (other than fruit and seeds) of Populus – prohibited from North American countries (Annex IIIAI 3.)

• Plants for planting of Crateagus, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa other than dormant plants free from leaves, flowers and fruit – prohibited from non‐European countries (Annex IIIAI 9.)

• Plants for planting of Malus, Prunus, Pyrus other than seeds – prohibited from non‐European countries, other than Mediterranean countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the continental states of the USA (Annex IIIAI 18.)

• Plants of conifers other than fruit and seeds – special requirements in relation to other pests (Annex IVAI 8.1., 8.2.)

• Plants of Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Quercus – special requirements in relation to other pests (Annex IVAI 9., 10., 11.01., 11.1., 11.2.)

• Plants of Betula, Populus – special requirements in relation to other pests (Annex IVAI 11.5., 13.1., 13.2.)

• Plants of Crataegus, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Rubus – special requirements in relation to other pests (Annex IVAI 14.1., 17., 19.1., 19.2., 20., 22.1., 22.2., 23.1., 23.2., 24.)

Wood

• Wood of conifers – special requirements in relation to other pests (Annex IVAI 1.1., 1.3., 1.5., 1.6.)

• Wood of Quercus, Populus – special requirements (Annex IVAI 3., 6.)

• Wood of Betula – special requirements in relation to other pests (Annex IVAI 4.1., 4.3.)

• Wood of Crataegus, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus – special requirements in relation to other pests (Annex IVAI 7.4.)

Bark

• Isolated bark of Quercus – prohibited from North American countries (Annex IIIAI 6.)

• Isolated bark of Populus – prohibited from countries of the American continent (Annex IIIAI 8.)

• Isolated bark of conifers – special requirements (Annex IVAI 7.3.)

For all other identified pathways (e.g. fruits and cut branches of host plants, dormant Populus plants from North America, dormant plants of Malus from Mediterranean countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the continental states of the USA, etc.) no import requirements are currently specified.

Between 1994 and May 2019, there was one record of interception of Acleris sp. in the Europhyt database, on a consignment of Cassia fistula (Fabaceae) plants from Vietnam.

3.4.3. Establishment

3.4.3.1.

Is the pest able to become established in the EU territory?

Yes, many of the host plants of the non‐EU Acleris spp. are present in the EU, and climatic conditions are locally favourable for pest establishment.

3.4.3.2. EU distribution of main host plants

The two main pest species A. gloverana and A. variana feed on various coniferous hosts (Abies, Picea, Pinus, etc.). These are distributed throughout the EU territory (Figure 6). Apart from conifers several other plant species (see Section 3.4.1) that are present throughout EU are known hosts for non‐EU Acleris spp. Therefore, available hosts are present throughout the EU.

Figure 6.

The cover percentage of coniferous forests in Europe with a range of values from 0 to 100 at 1 km resolution (source: Corine Land Cover year 2012 version 18.5 by European Environment Agency)

3.4.3.3. Climatic conditions affecting establishment

Non‐EU Acleris spp. have a broad distribution in North America and Asia. Climatic categories based on Köppen–Geiger climate classification can be found in these areas that are also present in EU. For instance, Köppen–Geiger climate types Bsk, Cfa, Csa and Dfb which occur in North America also occur in EU. Moreover, the two blackheaded budworm species, A. gloverana and A. variana, occur in North America with Cfb and Dfb climatic classes that are also found in EU with Cfb being more prevalent in EU than Dfb (MacLeod and Korycinska 2019) suggesting that most of EU is more climatic suitable for A. gloverana than for A. variana.

3.4.4. Spread

3.4.4.1.

Is the pest able to spread within the EU territory following establishment?

Yes, the pest can fly and can also be transported as eggs or pupae on plants for planting and other commodities (see section 3.4.2)

RNQPs: Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?

No, the spread is also due to flight and transportation on other commodities than plants for planting.

The literature does not provide any direct information on flight. However, outbreak expansion provides an indirect measure of flight. During the period 1957–1987, the maximal size of an A. gloverana outbreak was 27,530 ha, and the maximal size of an A. variana outbreak was 115,789 ha (Mattson et al., 1991), suggesting a flight capacity of tens of kilometres, and probably more when the insects are carried by the wind. For comparison, although Acleris spp. adults are two or three times smaller than Choristoneura spp. adults, C. fumiferana could fly a distance of 20 km with a maximum recorded distance of 450 km using prevailing winds (Anderson and Sturtevant, 2011).

In A. gloverana at least, the larvae do not disperse by ballooning (Shepherd and Gray, 2001).

3.5. Impacts

3.5.1.

Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?

Yes, there are some non‐EU Acleris species that are destructive defoliators and pests in their native area

RNQPs: Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?

Yes, the presence of the pest on plants for planting has an economic impact on its intended use

In the literature, nine non‐EU Acleris species are reported as pests on various host plants. The eastern and western blackheaded budworm species, A. gloverana and A. variana, are known destructive pests on coniferous plants in North America with extensive outbreaks occurring in areas of 90,000 ha (Gries et al., 1994; Nealis et al., 2004, Nealis and Turnquist, 2010). Mattson et al. (1991) report an outbreak of A. gloverana that expanded over 170,000 ha of Tsuga heterophylla in British Columbia between 1996 and 2001. Nearly 70% mortality was observed by Wood and Garbutt (1990) during a survey of young T. heterophylla defoliated by A. gloverana in the 1970s in British Columbia. A. minuta has been reported as significant pest on various host plants, including cultivated ones such as Malus sp., Prunus sp., Pyrus sp. (Gilligan and Epstein, 2012). Acleris nishidai is reported as an important pest on Rubus sp. in Costa Rica (Brown and Nishida, 2008) and A. issikii is reported as a pest on Salix miyabeana from Japan (Nakamura and Ohgushi, 2004). Acleris semipurpurana is reported as a pest on Quercus sp. causing significant tree mortality in the Appalachian region (USDA, 1979). A. robinsoniana, A. senescens and A. nivisellana are also reported as pests (Gilligan and Epstein, 2012).

3.6. Availability and limits of mitigation measures

3.6.1.

Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?

Yes, see sections 3.3 and 3.6.1

RNQPs: Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?

Yes, plants for planting from pest free areas and grown in isolation would mitigate the risk in case the pest entered the EU.

3.6.2. Identification of additional measures

Phytosanitary measures are currently applied to coniferous plants and to several other host plants (see Sections 3.3 and 3.4.2).

3.6.2.1. Additional control measures

Potential additional control measures are listed in Table 4.

Table 4.

Selected control measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, 2018) for pest entry/establishment/spread/impact in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways. Control measures are measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance

Information sheet title (with hyperlink to information sheet if available)	Control measure summary	Risk component (entry/establishment/spread/impact)
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1175887	Description of possible exclusion conditions that could be implemented to isolate the crop from pests and if applicable relevant vectors. E.g. a dedicated structure such as glass or plastic greenhouses	Entry/spread
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1175910	Use of chemical compounds that may be applied to plants or to plant products after harvest, during process or packaging operations and storage The treatments addressed in this information sheet are: a) fumigation; b) spraying/dipping pesticides; c) surface disinfectants; d) process additives; e) protective compounds	Entry/spread
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181436	Roguing is defined as the removal of infested plants and/or uninfested host plants in a delimited area, whereas pruning is defined as the removal of infested plant parts only, without affecting the viability of the plant	Establishment/spread
Chemical treatments on crops including reproductive material	Application of insecticides on nurseries for plants for planting may be considered to reduce the presence of the pest	Entry/spread
Post‐entry quarantine and other restrictions of movement in the importing country	This information sheet covers post‐entry quarantine of relevant commodities; temporal, spatial and end‐use restrictions in the importing country for import of relevant commodities; prohibition of import of relevant commodities into the domestic country Relevant commodities are plants, plant parts and other materials that may carry pests, either as infection, infestation or contamination	Entry/spread

3.6.2.2. Additional supporting measures

Potential additional supporting measures are listed in Table 5.

Table 5.

Selected supporting measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, 2018) in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways. Supporting measures are organisational measures or procedures supporting the choice of appropriate risk reduction options that do not directly affect pest abundance

Information sheet title (with hyperlink to information sheet if available)	Supporting measure summary	Risk component (entry/establishment/spread/impact)
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181430	Inspection is defined as the official visual examination of plants, plant products or other regulated articles to determine if pests are present or to determine compliance with phytosanitary regulations (ISPM 5) The effectiveness of sampling and subsequent inspection to detect pests may be enhanced by including trapping and luring techniques	Entry
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181213	Examination, other than visual, to determine if pests are present using official diagnostic protocols. Diagnostic protocols describe the minimum requirements for reliable diagnosis of regulated pests	Entry
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1180845	Mandatory/voluntary certification/approval of premises is a process including a set of procedures and of actions implemented by producers, conditioners and traders contributing to ensure the phytosanitary compliance of consignments. It can be a part of a larger system maintained by a National Plant Protection Organization in order to guarantee the fulfilment of plant health requirements of plants and plant products intended for trade. Key property of certified or approved premises is the traceability of activities and tasks (and their components) inherent the pursued phytosanitary objective. Traceability aims to provide access to all trustful pieces of information that may help to prove the compliance of consignments with phytosanitary requirements of importing countries	Entry
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1180597	ISPM 5 defines a buffer zone as ‘an area surrounding or adjacent to an area officially delimited for phytosanitary purposes in order to minimise the probability of spread of the target pest into or out of the delimited area, and subject to phytosanitary or other control measures, if appropriate’ (ISPM 5). The objectives for delimiting a buffer zone can be to prevent spread from the outbreak area and to maintain a pest‐free production place, site or area	Entry/spread
Sampling	According to ISPM 31, it is usually not feasible to inspect entire consignments, so phytosanitary inspection is performed mainly on samples obtained from a consignment. It is noted that the sampling concepts presented in this standard may also apply to other phytosanitary procedures, notably selection of units for testing For inspection, testing and/or surveillance purposes the sample may be taken according to a statistically based or a non‐statistical sampling methodology	Entry
Phytosanitary certificate and plant passport	An official paper document or its official electronic equivalent, consistent with the model certificates of the IPPC, attesting that a consignment meets phytosanitary import requirements (ISPM 5) a) export certificate (import) b) plant passport (EU internal trade)	Entry
Surveillance	Pheromone traps and visual inspection	Entry/establishment/spread

3.6.2.3. Biological or technical factors limiting the effectiveness of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of the pest

• Eggs on the leaves or the bark, or pupae in the foliage or the soil, can pass inspection unnoticed.

• The adults probably fly long distance.

3.7. Uncertainty

• The host range of many non‐EU Acleris spp. is not known

• The impact of many non‐EU Acleris spp. is not known

4. Conclusions

From the group of 221 non‐EU Acleris species, nine non‐EU species (A. gloverana, A. variana, A. minuta, A. nishidai, A. issikii, A. semipurpurana, A. robinsoniana, A. senescens and A. nivisellana) are consistently reported as pests on various host plants, and meet all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential quarantine pests. All non‐EU Acleris spp. do not meet all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential regulated non‐quarantine pests as they are not present in the EU.

Table 6 provides a summary of the conclusions of each part of this pest categorisation for the nine species listed above.

Table 6.

The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)

Criterion of pest categorisation	Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest	Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest	Key uncertainties
Identity of the pests (Section 3.1)	Acleris is a clearly defined insect genus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and detailed morphological descriptions are available for species identification	Acleris is a clearly defined insect genus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and detailed morphological descriptions are available for species identification
Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section 3.2)	Non‐EU Acleris spp. are not known to be present in the EU	Non‐EU Acleris spp. are not known to be present in the EU
Regulatory status (Section 3.3)	Non‐EU Acleris spp. are listed on Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as Acleris spp (Non‐ European)	Non‐EU Acleris spp. are listed on Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as Acleris spp (Non‐European). There are no grounds to consider its status could be revoked
Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section 3.4)	Non‐EU Acleris spp. are able to enter into the EU through plants for planting with soil attached, cut branches, fruits, round wood and bark. Establishment is possible as host plants are available and climatic conditions similar to their native range do occur in the EU. Active dispersal by flight is the main means for spread	Non‐EU Acleris spp. mainly spread by active dispersal through adult flight over long distances. Plants for planting are not considered as the main pathway of spread	Dispersal abilities for several species are not known
Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section 3.5)	There are nine species of non‐EU Acleris (A. gloverana, A. variana, A. minuta, A. nishidai, A. issikii, A. semipurpurana, A. robinsoniana, A. senescens and A. nivisellana) that are known as pests in their native area. The introduction of these species could cause economic impact on several forest plants and other crops in the EU. For the remaining 212 species, the potential impact is unknown	The presence of non‐EU Acleris on plants for planting would have an economic impact on its intended use	The host plants and potential damaging ability of several species is not known
Available measures (Section 3.6)	There are measures available to prevent entry, establishment and spread of non‐EU Acleris spp. in the EU which are described in Council Directive 2000/29/EC and in Section 3.6	There are measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting (e.g. plants for planting from pest‐free areas and grown in isolation) that could mitigate the risk in case the pest entered the EU
Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section 4)	Nine non‐EU Acleris species, reported as pests on various host plants (A. gloverana, A. variana, A. minuta, A. nishidai, A. issikii, A. semipurpurana, A. robinsoniana, A. senescens and A. nivisellana) meet all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential quarantine pests	Non‐EU Acleris spp. do not meet all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential regulated non‐quarantine pests, as they are not present in the EU
Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate	Scarce information on host plants, pests status and climatic suitability of the other 212 non‐EU Acleris species

Abbreviations

EPPO

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

IPPC

International Plant Protection Convention

ISPM

International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures

MS

Member State

PLH

EFSA Panel on Plant Health

PZ

Protected Zone

RNQP

regulated non‐quarantine pest

TFEU

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

ToR

Terms of Reference

Glossary

Containment (of a pest)

Application of phytosanitary measures in and around an infested area to prevent spread of a pest (FAO, 1995, 2017)

Control (of a pest)

Suppression, containment or eradication of a pest population (FAO, 1995, 2017)

Entry (of a pest)

Movement of a pest into an area where it is not yet present, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled (FAO, 2017)

Eradication (of a pest)

Application of phytosanitary measures to eliminate a pest from an area (FAO, 2017)

Establishment (of a pest)

Perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of a pest within an area after entry (FAO, 2017)

Impact (of a pest)

The impact of the pest on the crop output and quality and on the environment in the occupied spatial units

Introduction (of a pest)

The entry of a pest resulting in its establishment (FAO, 2017)

Measures

Control (of a pest) is defined in ISPM 5 (FAO, 2017) as ‘Suppression, containment or eradication of a pest population’ (FAO, 1995). Control measures are measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance. Supporting measures are organisational measures or procedures supporting the choice of appropriate Risk Reduction Options that do not directly affect pest abundance.

Pathway

Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest (FAO, 2017)

Phytosanitary measures

Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non‐quarantine pests (FAO, 2017)

Protected zones (PZ)

A protected zone is an area recognised at EU level to be free from a harmful organism, which is established in one or more other parts of the Union.

Quarantine pest

A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled (FAO, 2017)

Regulated non‐quarantine pest

A non‐quarantine pest whose presence in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing contracting party (FAO, 2017)

Risk reduction option (RRO)

A measure acting on pest introduction and/or pest spread and/or the magnitude of the biological impact of the pest should the pest be present. A RRO may become a phytosanitary measure, action or procedure according to the decision of the risk manager

Spread (of a pest)

Expansion of the geographical distribution of a pest within an area (FAO, 2017)

Appendix A – List of Acleris spp. (221 species) reported outside the EU with information on their host plants

1.

	Species name (species known as pests are in bold)	Occurrencea (based on Brown et al., 2008)	Host species	Host family	Region/continent
1	A. aenigmana	USA	Hypericum perforatum; Prunus emarginata	Clusiaceae; Rosaceae	North America
2	A. aestuosa	Japan	Fagus crenata	Fagaceae	Asia
3	A. affinatana	China	Quercus acutissima; Quercus cerris; Quercus dentata; Quercus glauca; Quercus serrata; Quercus variabilis; Zelkova schneideriana	Fagaceae; Ulmaceae	Asia
4	A. albicomana	USA	Gaylussacia sp.; Vaccinium sp.; Quercus sp.; Rosa californica; Rosa sp.; Rosa californica; Rosa gymnocarpa	Ericaceae; Fagaceae; Rosaceae	North America
5	A. albinvia	USA
6	A. albiscapulana	Russia
7	A. albopterana	China
8	A. alnivora.	Japan	Alnus hirsuta; Alnus japonica var. rufa	Betulaceae	Asia
9	A. amurensis	Russia	Populus tremula	Salicaceae	Asia
10	A. arcuata	Japan
11	A. argyrograpta	Vietnam
12	A. askoldana	Russia	Abelia spathulata; Deutzia scabra; Deutzia sp.	Caprifoliaceae; Hydrangeaceae (also Saxifragaceae)	Asia
13	A. atayalicana	Taiwan
14	A. atomophora	Nepal
15	A. auricaput	Taiwan
16	A. aurichalcana	Russia	Tilia japonica; Tilia tuan	Tiliaceae	Asia
17	A. avicularia	Guatemala
18	A. bacurana.	Libya
19	A. baleina	Ethiopia
20	A. bengalica	India, Bengal
21	A. bicolor	Japan	Viburnum burejaeticum; Populus sp.	Caprifoliaceae; Salicaceae	Asia
22	A. blanda	Japan
23	A. bowmanana	Canada	Myrica gale; Picea engelmannii; Picea glauca; Aronia melanocarpa; Aronia melanocarpa; Spiraea sp.; Rubus sp.	Myricaceae; Pinaceae; Rosaceae	North America
24	A. braunana	Canada	Alnus incana; Alnus rubra; Alnus sp.; Betula papyrifera; Betula sp.	Betulaceae	North America
25	A. britannia	Canada	Potentilla sp.; Rosa sp.; Rubus occidentalis; Rubus parviflorus; Rubus parviflorus; Rubus ursinus	Rosaceae	North America
26	A. bununa	Taiwan
27	A. busckana	Canada	Spiraea alba; Spiraea sp.	Rosaceae	North America
28	A. caerulescens	Japan	Pterocarya rhoifolia	Juglandaceae	Asia
29	A. caliginosana	North America	Alnus incana; Alnus incana subsp. tenuifolia; Alnus rubra; Betula papyrifera	Betulaceae	North America
30	A. cameroonana	Cameroon
31	A. capizziana	USA
32	A. caucasica	Georgia
33	A. celiana	USA	Betula nana; Betula papyrifera; Betula sp.; Prunus virginiana; Salix sp.	Betulaceae; Rosaceae; Salicaceae	North America
34	A. cervinana	USA	Alnus sp.; Betula alleghaniensis; Corylus sp.	Betulaceae	North America
35	A. chalybeana	USA	Acer rubrum; Acer saccharinum; Acer sp.; Acer spicatum; Betula papyrifera; Betula sp.; Corylus sp.; Fagus sp.; Quercus rubra	Aceraceae; Betulaceae; Fagaceae	North America
36	A. chionocentra	India
37	A. chloroma:	Uganda
38	A. clarkei	USA
39	A. comandrana	USA	Comandra sp.; Comandra sp.	Santalaceae	North America
40	A. compsoptila	India
41	A. conchyloides	China	Quercus mongolica	Fagaceae	Asia
42	A. coniferarum	Kazakhstan	Picea sp.	Pinaceae	Asia
43	A. cornana	Canada	Alnus incana; Cornus canadensis; Cornus racemosa; Cornus sericea; Cornus sericea; Cornus sp.	Betulaceae; Cornaceae	North America
44	A. crassa	Japan
45	A. crataegi	Russia
46	A. cribellata	Russia
47	A. curvalana	USA	Gaylussacia baccata; Gaylussacia sp.; Vaccinium angustifolium; Vaccinium pallidum; Vaccinium sp.; Quercus sp.; Rosa sp.	Ericaceae; Fagaceae; Rosaceae	North America
48	A. dealbata	Japan	Salix sp.	Salicaceae	Asia
49	A. decolorata	India
50	A. delicata	Japan
51	A. delicatana	Russia	Carpinus japonica; Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica; Quercus cerris; Quercus sp.	Betulaceae; Fagaceae	Asia
52	A. dentata	Japan
53	A. denticulosa	Nepal
54	A. diadecta	North Vietnam
55	A. diaphora	North Vietnam
56	A. dispar	China
57	A. dryochyta	China
58	A. duoloba	North Vietnam
59	A. duracina	China
60	A. elaearcha	India
61	A. elegans	Japan
62	A. emera	Bolivia
63	A. enitescens	India	Rubus microphyllus; Rubus sp.	Rosaceae	Asia
64	A. expressa	Japan	Fraxinus mandshurica	Oleaceae	Asia
65	A. exsucana	Russia	Viburnum opulus var. sargentii; Deutzia scabra	Caprifoliaceae; Hydrangeaceae	Asia
66	A. extensana	Sri Lanka	Malus sp.; Malus sylvestris; Pyrus sp.; Rosa sp.	Rosaceae	Asia
67	A. extranea	China
68	A. ferox	China
69	A. ferrumixtana	Scandinavia
70	A. filipjevi	Russia
71	A. fistularis	Nepal
72	A. flavivittana	USA	Malus pumila; Prunus pensylvanica	Rosaceae	North America
73	A. flavopterana	China
74	A. foliana	USA	Cercocarpus betuloides; Cercocarpus ledifolius; Cercocarpus montanus; Cercocarpus montanus; Cercocarpus sp.	Rosaceae	North America
75	A. forbesana	Canada	Cornus californica; Cornus sericea subsp. occidentalis; Cornus sericea subsp. Stolonifera; Cornus sp.	Cornaceae	North America
76	A. formosae	Taiwan
77	A. fragariana	USA	Aronia melanocarpa; Fragaria sp.; Fragaria virginiana; Myrica gale; Pouteria sp.; Prunus sp.; Rosa sp.; Rubus sp.	Myricaceae; Sapotaceae	North America
78	A. fuscopterana	China
79	A. fuscopunctata	China
80	A. fuscotogata	Japan	Quercus serrata;	Fagaceae	Asia
81	A. ganeshia	Nepal
82	A. gatesclarkei	Taiwan
83	A. gibbopterana	China
84	A. glaucomis	India
85	A. gloverana (A. gloveranus)	USA	Abies balsamea; Abies concolor; Abies magnifica; Abies sp.; Larix sp.; Picea sitchensis; Picea sp.; Pseudostuga sp.; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Tsuga heterophylla; Tsuga sp.	Pinaceae	North America
86	A. gobica	Mongolia
87	A. gothena	Nepal
88	A. griseopterana	China
89	A. hapalactis	India
90	A. harenna	Ethiopia
91	A. helvolaris	China
92	A. hispidana	Russia	Quercus mongolica	Fagaceae	Asia
93	A. hohuanshana	Taiwan
94	A. hokkaidana	Japan
95	A. hudsoniana	Canada	Alnus sp.; Betula papyrifera; Picea glauca; Populus balsamifera; Populus tremuloides; Salix sp.	Betulaceae; Pinaceae; Salicaceae	North America
96	A. idonea	Mongolia
97	A. imitatrix	China
98	A. inana	USA	Alnus sp.; Betula sp.; Corylus sp.	Betulaceae	North America
99	A. incognita	USA
100	A. indignana	Russia
101	A. issikii	Japan	Populus nigra; Populus sieboldii; Salix integra	Salicaceae	Asia
102	A. japonica	Japan	Zelkova serrata	Ulmaceae	Asia
103	A. kearfottana	Canada	Hamamelis sp.; Myrica gale; Myrica sp.; Comptonia peregrina	Hamamelidaceae; Myricaceae; Myrtaceae	North America
104	A. keiferi	USA	Fragaria sp.; Rosa californica; Rubus ursinus	Rosaceae	North America
105	A. kerincina	West Sumatra
106	A. kinangopana	Kenya
107	A. klotsi	USA
108	A. kodamai	Japan	Pinus koraiensis	Pinaceae	Asia
109	A. kuznetzovi	Russia
110	A. leechi	Japan	Quercus acutissima; Quercus variabilis	Fagaceae	Asia
111	A. leucophracta	China
112	A. longipalpana.	Russia
113	A. loxoscia	Sri Lanka
114	A. lucipara	India
115	A. lucipeta	India
116	A. luoyingensis	Taiwan
117	A. lutescentis	China
118	A. macdunnoughi	USA	Rubus sp.; Salix sp.; Spiraea alba; Vaccinium sp.	Ericaceae; Rosaceae; Salicaceae	North America
119	A. macropterana	China
120	A. maculidorsana	USA	Chamaedaphne calyculata; Hypericum perforatum; Hypericum perforatum; Hypericum sp.; Kalmia sp.; Vaccinium sp.	Clusiaceae; Ericaceae	North America
121	A. maculopterana	China
122	A. malagassana	Madagascar
123	A. matthewsi	Peru
124	A. maximana	Canada	Malus pumila; Malus sp.; Populus balsamifera; Populus fremontii; Populus sp.; Populus tremula L.; Populus tremuloides; Prunus emarginata; Salix sp.	Rosaceae; Salicaceae	North America
125	A. medea	Nepal
126	A. micropterana	China
127	A. minuta	USA	Calluna sp.; Kalmia angustifolia; Kalmia sp.; Malus pumila; Malus sp.; Myrica gale; Prunus sp.; Pyrus sp.; Salix sp.; Vaccinium macrocarpon; Vaccinium sp.	Ericaceae; Myricaceae; Rosaceae; Salicaceae	North America
128	A. monagma	Nepal
129	A. mundana	Russia
130	A. nakajimai	Taiwan
131	A. napaea	India, European Russia
132	A. nectaritis	India
133	A. negundana	USA	Acer sp.; Acer negundo	Aceraceae	North America
134	A. nigriradix	Russia
135	A. nigrolinea	Canada, Ontario
136	A. nigropterana	China
137	A. nishidai	Costa Rica	Rubus eriocarpus, R. vulcanicola, R. praecipuus; Rubus spp.	Rosaceae
138	A. nivisellana	USA	Crataegus sp.; Malus pumila; Malus sp.; Physocarpus malvaceus; Prunus pensylvanica; Sorbus scopulina; Sorbus sp.	Rosaceae	North America
139	A. obligatoria	South Korea
140	A. ochropicta	China
141	A. ochropterana	China
142	A. okanagana	Canada
143	A. ophthalmicana	Japan
144	A. orphnocycla	China	Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench; Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench; Malus pumila Mill.; Malus sp.; Prunus pumila L.; Rosa sp.	Ericaceae; Rosaceae	Asia; North America
145	A. osthelderi	Syria
146	A. oxycoccana	USA
147	A. pallidorbis	Nepal
148	A. paracinderella	USA	Betula sp.; Prunus dumosa; Prunus fremontii; Prunus virginiana	Betulaceae; Rosaceae	North America
149	A. paradiseana	Japan	Malus pumila; Sorbus sambucifolia	Rosaceae	Asia
150	A. perfundana	Russia, Asia	Quercus mongolica; Quercus serrata; Zelkova schneideriana; Zelkova serrata	Fagaceae; Ulmaceae	Non‐EU Europe; Asia
151	A. phalera	Russia
152	A. phanerocrypta	Madagascar
153	A. phantastica	Japan
154	A. phyllosocia	Vietnam
155	A. placata	India
156	A. placidana	USA
157	A. placidus	Japan
158	A. platynotana	Japan	Ilex pedunculosa; Lyonia ovalifolia; Quercus glauca; Rhododendron kaempferi; Rhododendron molle	Aquifoliaceae; Ericaceae; Fagaceae	Asia
159	A. porphyrocentra	China
160	A. potosiana	Mexico
161	A. praeterita	South Korea
162	A. proximana	China
163	A. ptychogrammos	USA	Cornus sericea	Cornaceae	North America
164	A. pulchella	Japan
165	A. pulcherrima	Taiwan
166	A. quadridentana	China
167	A. rantaizana.	Taiwan
168	A. razowskii.	Japan
169	A. recula	China
170	A. retrusa	Mexico	Rubus sp.	Rosaceae	North America
171	A. robinsoniana	USA	Populus tremuloides; Rosa californica	Rosaceae; Salicaceae	North America
172	A. rosella	China	Rosa acicularis var. taquetii	Rosaceae	Asia
173	A. roxana	Japan
174	A. rubi	South Africa	Rubus rigidus	Rosaceae	Africa
175	A. rubrivorella	Kazakhstan
176	A. ruwenzorica	Uganda, Congo
177	A. sagarmathae	Nepal
178	A. sagmatias	Sri Lanka
179	A. salicicola	Russia
180	A. santacrucis	USA
181	A. schisma	Thailand
182	A. semiannula	USA	Acer rubrum; Acer saccharinum; Acer sp.; Quercus alba	Aceraceae; Fagaceae	North America
183	A. semipurpurana	USA	Quercus alba; Quercus coccinea; Quercus palustris; Quercus rubra; Quercus sp.; Quercus velutina; Rosa sp.	Fagaceae; Rosaceae	North America
184	A. semitexta	India
185	A. senescens	Canada	Alnus rubra; Betula sp.; Malus sp.; Populus tremuloides; Prunus virginiana; Salix hookeriana; Salix lasiolepis; Salix sp.	Betulaceae; Rosaceae; Salicaceae	North America
186	A. similis	Russia
187	A. simpliciana	USA
188	A. sinica	China
189	A. sinuopterana	China
190	A. sinuosaria	China
191	A. sordidata	Afghanistan
192	A. stachi	Central Asia
193	A. stadiana	Canada	Alnus sp.; Betula alleghaniensis; Betula papyrifera; Betula populifolia; Betula sp.	Betulaceae	North America
194	A. stibiana	Russia
195	A. strigifera	Russia
196	A. submaccana	Russia	Alnus japonica var. rufa; Alnus maximowiczii; Betula platyphylla; Betula sp.; Duchesnea indica; Populus sp.; Rhododendron sinsii; Ribes sp.; Salix koreensis; Vaccinium vitis‐idaea; Viburnum dilatatum	Betulaceae; Caprifoliaceae; Ericaceae; Grossulariaceae (or Saxifragaceae); Rosaceae; Salicaceae	Asia
197	A. subnivana	Canada	Vernonia sp.; Quercus rubra; Quercus sp.	Asteraceae; Fagaceae	North America
198	A. auriga	Western New Guinea
199	A. supernova	Ecuador
200	A. tabida	China
201	A. taiwana	Taiwan
202	A. takeuchii	Japan
203	A. thiana	China
204	A. thomasi	India
205	A. thylacitis	Kenya
206	A. tibetica	Tibet
207	A. tigricolor	Japan	Sorbus alnifolia	Rosaceae	Asia
208	A. tremewani	Myanmar
209	A. trujilloana	Venezuela
210	A. tsuifengana	Taiwan
211	A. tungurahuae	Ecuador
212	A. tunicatana	Japan
213	A. ulmicola	China	Hemiptelea davidii; Ulmus davidiana; Ulmus davidiana var. japonica; Ulmus pumilla; Ulmus sp.	Ulmaceae	Asia
214	A. uniformis	Russia
215	A. variana	USA	Abies alba; Abies amabilis; Abies balsamea; Abies grandis; Abies lasiocarpa; Abies sp.; Larix occidentalis; Larix sp.; Picea abies; Picea engelmanni; Picea engelmannii; Picea glauca; Picea mariana; Picea pungens; Picea rubens; Picea sitchensis; Picea sp.; Pinus contorta; Populus balsamifera; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Pseudotsuga sp.; Thuja plicata; Tsuga canadensis; Tsuga heterophylla; Tsuga mertensiana	Cupressaceae; Pinaceae; Salicaceae	North America
216	A. venatana	Taiwan
217	A. yasudai	Japan	Enkianthus campanulatus; Enkianthus campanulatus var. sikokianus	Ericaceae	Asia
218	A. yasutoshii	Taiwan
219	A. youngana	Canada
220	A. zeta	China
221	A. zimmermani	Hawaiian Islands	Rubus sp.; Rubus vitifolius	Rosaceae	North America; Pacific Islands

NB – No information was found on host plants for 151 species in the table above.

^aThe actual distribution of the species may differ from what is reported here as this table is based only on Brown et al. (2008).

Appendix B – List of Acleris spp. reported from the EU

1.

This table is based on Brown et al. (2008) and the Fauna Europaea database.

No.	Species	Distribution in the EU	Distribution in non‐EU Europe
1.	Acleris abietana	UK, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Italy, Hungary, Germany, France, Denmark, Lithuania, Poland, Romania Slovakia Slovenia The Netherlands	European Russia, Switzerland
2.	Acleris arcticana	Finland, Sweden	Norway
3.	Acleris aspersana	Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Sweden, The Netherlands, UK, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Italy, Hungary, Germany, France, Denmark	European Russia, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland
4.	Acleris bergmanniana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany Hungary Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, European Russia, North Macedonia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine
5.	Acleris boscanoides	Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece	European Turkey, North Macedonia, Ukraine
6.	Acleris caledoniana	UK, Ireland, Poland
7.	Acleris comariana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland
8.	Acleris cristana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine
9.	Acleris effractana	UK, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Poland, Estonia, Sweden	Liechtenstein, Norway
10.	Acleris emargana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland
11.	Acleris ferrugana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine
12.	Acleris fimbriana	Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Ukraine
13.	Acleris forsskaleana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	Albania, European Russia, Liechtenstein, North Macedonia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine
14.	Acleris hastiana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	Bosnia and Herzegovina, European Russia, North Macedonia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine
15.	Acleris hippophaeana	Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Romania, Slovakia	European Russia, Switzerland
16.	Acleris holmiana	Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, European Russia, North Macedonia, Norway, Switzerland
17.	Acleris hyemana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland
18.	Acleris implexana	Finland, Sweden	European Russia, Norway
19.	Acleris kochiella	Austria, Belgium, UK, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	Bosnia and Herzegovina, European Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine
20.	Acleris lacordairana	Austria, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Poland	European Russia, Switzerland
21.	Acleris laterana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine
22.	Acleris lipsiana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland
23.	Acleris literana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	Albania, European Russia, North Macedonia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine
24.	Acleris logiana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland
25.	Acleris lorquiniana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Liechtenstain, Switzerland
26.	Acleris maccana	Austria, UK, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland
27.	Acleris notana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine
28.	Acleris obtusana	Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden	Norway
29.	Acleris permutana	Austria, Belgium, Croatia, UK, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, North Macedonia
30.	Acleris quercinana	Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Switzerland, Ukraine
31.	Acleris rhombana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	Bosnia and Herzegovina, European Russia, European Turkey, North Macedonia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine
32.	Acleris roscidana	Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine
33.	Acleris rufana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland
34.	Acleris scabrana	Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Netherlands	European Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine
35.	Acleris schalleriana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	Bosnia and Herzegovina, European Russia, North Macedonia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine
36.	Acleris shepherdana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland
37.	Acleris sparsana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	European Russia, Liechtenstein, North Macedonia, Norway, Switzerland
38.	Acleris umbrana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden	European Russia, Norway, Switzerland
39.	Acleris undulana	Cyprus, Spain
40.	Acleris variegana	Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, European Russia, North Macedonia, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine

Suggested citation: EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) , Bragard C, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques M‐A, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H‐H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Grégoire J‐C, Kertész V and Milonas P, 2019. Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of non‐EU Acleris spp. EFSA Journal 2019;17(10):5856, 37 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5856