Parameters	Exposure (day)	Sex	Control	Low dose (1,000 mg/kg bw)	Mid dose (3,000 mg/kg bw)	High dose (5,000 mg/kg bw)	Oligofructose control (5,000 mg/kg bw)
Body weight (g)	9	F	31.2 ± 3.26	32.2 ± 2.02	32.6 ± 1.09	33.5 ± 2.52*	30.8 ± 2.70
Ulna length (mm)	64	M	39.5 ± 0.83	38.3 ± 0.94**	38.6 ± 0.44	39.5 ± 1.04	39.1 ± 1.20
	64	F	36.7 ± 0.90	35.7 ± 0.46*	35.6 ± 0.50*	36.3 ± 1.13*	36.4 ± 1.21
Arena observations
Activity count	90	M	17.5 ± 5.0	12.6 ± 5.8	13.2 ± 6.6	17.4 ± 5.6	12.3 ± 6.0^
		F	23.8 ± 4.5	25.4 ± 6.0	25.0 ± 6.1	19.8 ± 5.1*	20.6 ± 4.3
Sexual maturation
Balano preputial separation (day of age)	90	M	43.7 ± 1.91	44.4 ± 1.17	45.3 ± 0.82	45.4 ± 2.23*	45.4 ± 2.59^
Haematology
Haematocrit (L/L)	90	M	0.39 ± 0.01	0.45 ± 0.02**	0.45 ± 0.01**	0.43 ± 0.04**	0.39 ± 0.01
		F	0.38 ± 0.02	0.44 ± 0.02**	0.44 ± 0.02**	0.39 ± 0.04	0.38 ± 0.01
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	90	M	14.8 ± 0.35	15.4 ± 0.54*	15.2 ± 0.37*	15.3 ± 0.78*	14.8 ± 0.35
Erythrocytes (× 1012/L)	90	M	7.46 ± 0.33	8.32 ± 0.31**	8.04 ± 0.46**	8.04 ± 0.67**	7.36 ± 0.20
		F	7.06 ± 0.34	7.80 ± 0.33**	7.83 ± 0.36**	7.08 ± 0.71	6.95 ± 0.27
MCH (pg)	90	M	19.8 ± 0.62	18.5 ± 0.55*	19.0 ± 0.93*	19.1 ± 1.21*	20.1 ± 0.48
		F	20.8 ± 0.68	19.2 ± 0.78**	19.0 ± 0.70**	20.3 ± 1.34	21.3 ± 0.62
MCHC (g/dL)	90	M	37.6 ± 0.57	33.9 ± 0.63**	33.6 ± 0.51**	35.9 ± 2.50**	37.9 ± 0.4
		F	38.6 ± 0.85	33.7 ± 0.86**	33.6 ± 0.95**	36.8 ± 2.85	39.3 ± 0.70
MCV	90	M	52.7 ± 1.46	54.5 ± 1.03*	56.5 ± 2.30**	53.3 ± 1.72	52.9 ± 0.9
		F	53.9 ± 1.22	56.9 ± 1.38**	56.6 ± 1.41**	55.2 ± 0.90	54.1 ± 1.1
Red cell distribution width (%)	90	M	12.4 ± 0.59	11.7 ± 0.32*	11.6 ± 0.50*	12.3 ± 0.83	12.7 ± 0.40
Leucocytes (× 109/L)	90	F	10.29 ± 3.86	6.92 ± 0.93*	6.34 ± 1.37**	10.82 ± 5.44	10.64 ± 2.08
Lymphocytes (× 109/L)	90	F	8.80 ± 3.65	5.75 ± 0.87**	5.15 ± 1.14**	7.67 ± 1.23	8.80 ± 2.03
Eosinophils (× 109/L)	90	M	0.16 ± 0.06	0.11 ± 0.04	0.09 ± 0.02*	0.18 ± 0.11	0.17 ± 0.06
		F	0.14 ± 0.04	0.08 ± 0.03*	0.09 ± 0.04*	0.09 ± 0.03*	0.11 ± 0.04
Basophils (× 109/L)	90	M	0.04 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.03**	0.08 ± 0.03**	0.07 ± 0.04**	0.06 ± 0.03^
		F	0.03 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.02**	0.05 ± 0.02**	0.04 ± 0.02**	0.03 ± 0.01
Monocytes (× 109/L)	90	F	0.22 ± 0.05	0.15 ± 0.03**	0.12 ± 0.04**	0.17 ± 0.08**	0.24 ± 0.08
LUC (× 109/L)	90	M	0.03 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.01*	0.06 ± 0.02**	0.06 ± 0.03**	0.05 ± 0.02
Platelet count (× 109/L)	90	F	976 ± 105.2	907 ± 69.7	813 ± 116.6*	881 ± 137.9*	872 ± 113.6^
Prothrombin time (sec)	90	M	20.6 ± 1.5	23.1 ± 2.3*	23.6 ± 3.22*	22.2 ± 2.76*	22.9 ± 2.22^
	End 4‐week recovery period	M	24.0 ± 40.8	n.a.	n.a.	23.2 ± 3.26	22.6 ± 3.33
Clinical chemistry parameters
AST (U/L)	90	M	74 ± 7.3	85 ± 11.8*	84 ± 7.6*	75 ± 4.8	78 ± 10
		F	70 ± 11.6	86 ± 13.2*	82 ± 13.7	70 ± 11.8	69 ± 7.6
Albumin (g/L)	90	M	34 ± 1.1	33 ± 1.2	32 ± 1.7**	35 ± 1.8	35 ± 1.2
	90	F	40 ± 1.8	37 ± 2.7*	37 ± 1.5*	39 ± 3.8*	38 ± 1.7
Urea (mmol/L)	90	F	5.69 ± 0.58	6.77 ± 0.76*	6.86 ± 1.16*	5.80 ± 1.09	5.94 ± 0.48
Creatinine (μmol/L)	90	M	27 ± 2.5	25 ± 3.1	25 ± 3.1	23 ± 2.1**	25 ± 2.5
Sodium (mmol/L)	90	M	144 ± 1.3	142 ±1.2	143 ± 1.2	143 ± 1.3	142 ± 1.0^^
		F	142 ± 0.5	142 ± 1.6	141 ± 1.4	141 ± 1.2**	141 ± 1.0^
Chloride (mmol/L)	90	M	100 ± 0.8	99 ± 1.3	100 ± 1.0	99 ± 1.2*	98 ± 1.5^^
Calcium (mmol/L)	90	M	2.39 ± 0.06	2.42 ± 0.07	2.40 ± 0.06	2.45 ± 0.06	2.44 ± 0.07^
		F	2.43 ± 0.08	2.51 ± 0.10	2.43 ± 0.05	2.54 ± 0.08**	2.41 ± 0.07
Inorganic phosphorus (mmol/L)	90	F	1.77 ± 0.23	1.83 ± 0.31	1.80 ± 0.21	2.03 ± 0.24**	1.77 ± 0.24
Urinalysis
pH	90	F	6.7 ± 0.4	6.8 ± 0.3	7.1 ± 0.5	7.4 ± 0.9**	6.8 ± 0.4
Total creatinine (μmol)	90	F	45.35 ± 6.69	42.45 ± 5.63	41.25 ± 8.27	36.08 ± 9.78*	42.45 ± 8.19
Organ weight							–
Kidneys relative	90	M	3.332	3.674**	3.387	3.393	3.153
Seminal vesicles relative	90	M	1.745	1.991*	1.893	1.660	1.673
Thymus relative	90	M	0.321	0.400*	0.387*	0.399*	0.331

NF: novel food; bw: body weight; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; LUC: large unstained cells; MCH: mean cell haemoglobin; MCV: mean cell volume; MCHC: mean cell haemoglobin concentration; RDW: red cell distribution width.

^*Significantly different from control (p < 0.05) (Vehicle control vs 2’‐FL/DFL mixture‐treated groups).

^**Significantly different from control (p < 0.01) (control vs 2’‐FL/DFL mixture‐treated groups).

^{^}Significantly different from control (p < 0.05) (control vs reference control).

^{^^}Significantly different from control (p < 0.01) (control vs reference control).