Table 1.

Overview on the most important exposure routes for bats

Oral exposure	Dermal exposure	Inhalation exposure
Residues in food items	Direct overspray (flying through spray cloud during foraging)	Inhalation of droplets and vapour when foraging in the field or field margins
Residues in water taken up orally	Contact with residues on leaves (gleaners)
Grooming	Contact with residues on soil (gleaners)
Pups via drinking milk	Contact with residues on the surface of roosting sites or conspecifics carrying residues on the fur