Appropriate age range for introduction of complementary feeding into an infant's diet

. 2019 Sep 12;17(9):e05780. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5780

Bibliography	RoB Tier	Study design	Study name	At‐risk group	Food	Outcome	Endpoint	Additional comments
Bellach et al. ( 2017 )	1	RCT	Hen's Egg Allergy Prevention (HEAP)	No	Egg	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
Bellach et al. ( 2017 )	1	RCT	Hen's Egg Allergy Prevention (HEAP)	No	Egg	Sensitisation	sIgE
Halpern et al. ( 1973 )	3	RCT	n/a	No	Egg	Atopic disease	Atopic disease
Palmer et al. ( 2013 )	1	RCT	Western Australian Solids Timing for Allergy Research (STAR)	Yes	Egg	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
Palmer et al. ( 2013 )	1	RCT		Yes	Egg	Sensitisation	SPT
Palmer et al. ( 2017 )	2	RCT	Starting Time of Egg Protein (STEP)	Yes	Egg	Asthma‐like symptoms	Wheeze
	1					Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
	1					Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
	1					Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
	1					Sensitisation	SPT
Perkin et al. ( 2016 )	1	RCT	Enquiring About Tolerance (EAT)	No	CF, cereals, egg, peanut, fish	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy	No PE
					Egg	Sensitisation	SPT
					CF	Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis
					CF	Atopic disease	Atopic disease
					CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Wheeze
Tan et al. ( 2017 )	1	RCT	Beating Egg Allergy Trial (BEAT)	Yes	Egg	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Tan et al. ( 2017 )	1	RCT	Beating Egg Allergy Trial (BEAT)	Yes	Egg	Food allergy	Probable food allergy
						Sensitisation	SPT
Alm et al. ( 2009 )	3	PC	Infants of Western Sweden	No	Fish	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Chuang et al. ( 2011 )	2	PC	Taiwan Birth Cohort Study (TBCS)	No	CF	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Dunlop et al. ( 2006 )	3	PC	n/a	No	CF	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Elbert et al. ( 2017 )	3	PC	Generation R	No	Peanut	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
					Peanut	Sensitisation	SPT
					Cereals, egg, peanut	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Fergusson et al. ( 1981 )	2	PC	Christ‐church Child Developmental Study	No/Yes	CF,	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Fergusson et al. ( 1981 )	2	PC	Christ‐church Child Developmental Study	No/Yes	Cereals, egg	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema	No PE
Fergusson et al. ( 1990 )	2	PC	Christ‐church Child Developmental Study	No	Cereals, egg	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema	No PE
Fergusson et al. ( 1983 )	3	PC	Christ‐church Child Developmental Study	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma
Filipiak et al. ( 2007 )	3	PC	German Infant Nutritional Intervention Program (GINI)	No/Yes	CF, cereals, egg, fish	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Filipiak et al. ( 2007 )	3	PC	German Infant Nutritional Intervention Program (GINI)	No/Yes	CF, cereals, egg, fish	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Forsyth et al. ( 1993 )	2	PC	Dundee Infant Feeding Study	No	CF	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Gabet et al. ( 2016 )	1	PC	Pollution and Asthma Risk: an Infant Study (PARIS)	No	Egg, fish	Sensitisation	sIgE
Grimshaw et al. ( 2013 )	1	NCC	Prevalence of Infant Food Allergy Study (PIFA) (UK Euro‐Prevall)	No	CF	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
Grimshaw et al. ( 2013 )	1	NCC		No	CF	Food allergy	Timing of introduction of CF in cases and controls	No PE
Hesselmar et al. ( 2010 )	1	NCC	ALLERGY‐FLORA	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Timing of introduction of CFs in cases and controls	No PE
						Eczema	Timing of introduction of CFs in cases and controls	No PE
						Food allergy	Timing of introduction of CFs in cases and controls	No PE
						Sensitisation	Timing of introduction of CFs in cases and controls	No PE
Hetzner et al. ( 2009 )	3	PC	Early Childhood Longitudinal Study‐Birth Cohort (ECLS‐B)	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma
Hide and Guyer ( 1981 )	3	PC	n/a	No	CF	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Hua et al. ( 2017 )	3	PC	Prediction of Allergies in Taiwanese Children (PATCH)	No	Aller‐genic foods (fruit, egg, fish, shell fish, peanut)	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
					CF	Sensitisation	BioIC
					CF	Sensitisation	Timing of introduction of CFs
Huang et al. ( 2013 )	3	PC	n/a	No	CF	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Illi et al. ( 2004 )	3	PC	Multicenter Allergy Study (MAS)	No	CF	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis	No PE
Jonsson et al. ( 2017 )	2	PC	FARM‐FLORA	No	Cereals	Atopic disease	Atopic disease	CV
Joseph et al. ( 2011 )	2	PC	Wayne County Health, Environment, Allergy and Asthma Longitudinal Study (WHEALS)	No/Yes	CF	Sensitisation	sIgE
Kajosaari and Saarinen ( 1983 )	3	PC	n/a	Yes	CF	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Kajosaari and Saarinen ( 1983 )	3	PC	n/a	Yes	CF	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
Kajosaari ( 1991 , 1994 )	3	PC	n/a	Yes	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma
						Atopic disease	Atopic disease
						Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Keijzers et al. ( 2018 )	3	PC	Environments for Healthy Living (EFHL): Griffith Birth Cohort	No	CF	Atopic disease	Atopic disease
Kiefte‐de Jong et al. ( 2012 )	3	PC	Generation R	No	Fish	Asthma‐like symptoms	Wheeze in the past 12 months
Kim et al. ( 2011 )	3	PC	n/a	No	CF	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
Kurukulaaratchy et al. ( 2004 )	3	PC	Isle of Wight Birth Cohort	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Early‐onset persistent wheeze	No PE
Kurukulaaratchy et al. ( 2004 )	3	PC	Isle of Wight Birth Cohort	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Late‐onset persistent wheeze	No PE
Larsson et al. ( 2008 )	3	PC	Dampness in Building and Health (DBH)	No	CF	Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis
						Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis symptoms
						Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma
						Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Lawson et al. ( 2017 )	2	Observational analysis of RCT	Learning Early About Peanut Allergy (LEAP)	Yes	Peanut	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
Lossius et al. ( 2018 )	1	PC	Den norske mor og barn‐undersøkelsen (MoBa)	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma
Luccioli et al. ( 2014 )	2	PC	Infant feeding practices study (IFPS) II and year 6 follow‐up (Y6FU)	No/Yes	CF	Food allergy	Diagnosed food allergy
Marini et al. ( 1996 )	2	PC	n/a	Yes	CF	Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis
						Asthma‐like symptoms	Recurrent wheeze
						Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
McGowan et al. ( 2015 )	2	NCC	Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma (URECA)	Yes	CF	Food allergy	Timing of introduction of CFs in cases and controls
McGowan et al. ( 2015 )	2	NCC	Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma (URECA)	Yes	CF	Sensitisation	Timing of introduction of CFs in cases and controls
Mihrshahi et al. ( 2007 )	2	PC	Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS)	Yes	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma
						Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
						Sensitisation	SPT
Moore et al. ( 1985 )	2	PC	n/a	Yes	CF	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema	No PE
Morgan et al. ( 2004 )	3	PA	n/a	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma	No PE
						Asthma‐like symptoms	Wheeze	No PE
						Eczema	Symptomatic eczema	No PE
Nwaru et al. ( 2010 )	2	PC	Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) nutrition	No	CF, cereals	Sensitisation	sIgE	Data from Nwaru et al. (2013c) (Allergy) considered
Nwaru et al. ( 2013c ) (Allergy)	1	PC	DIPP nutrition	No/Yes	CF, cereals, fish	Sensitisation	sIgE
Nwaru et al. ( 2013a ) (J Allergy Clin Immunol)	3	PC	DIPP nutrition	No	CF, cereals, fish	Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis
						Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma
						Eczema	Atopic dermatitis	No PE
Nwaru et al. ( 2013b ) (Clin Exp Allergy)	2	PC	Study of Eczema and Asthma To Observe the influence of Nutrition (SEATON)	No/Yes	Cereals, egg, fish	Asthma‐like symptoms	Wheeze in the past 12 months
						Asthma‐like symptoms	Wheeze without cold in the past 12 months
						Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma
						Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Poole et al. ( 2006 )	3	PC	Diabetes Auto‐immunity Study in the Young (DAISY)	No	Cereals	Food allergy	Probable food allergy
Pöysä et al. ( 1991 )	2	PC	n/a	Yes	CF	Atopic disease	Atopic disease
Ranucci et al. ( 2018 )	3	Observational analysis of an RCT	Prebiotics in Prevention of Atopy (PIPA)	Yes	CF	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Roduit et al. ( 2012 )	1	PC	Protection Against Allergy–Study in Rural Environments (PASTURE)	No/Yes	CF	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis with onset after 1 year
Ruiz et al. ( 1992 )	2	PC	n/a	Yes	CF, egg	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Sandini et al. ( 2011 )	2	PC	n/a	Yes	CF	Atopic disease	Atopic disease	No PE
						Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy	No PE
						Eczema	Atopic dermatitis	No PE
						Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma	No PE
						Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis	No PE
Sariachvili et al. ( 2010 )	3	NCC	Prospective Cohort on the Influence of Perinatal Factors on the Occurrence of Asthma and Allergies (PIPO)	No	CF	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Sariachvili et al. ( 2010 )	3	NCC		No	CF	Eczema	Odds of having been introduced to CF < 4 months
Savilahti et al. ( 1987 )	2	PC	n/a	No	CF	Atopic disease	Atopic disease	No PE, CV
Schoetzau et al. ( 2002 )	2	PC	GINI	Yes	CF	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Snijders et al. ( 2008 )	3	PC	Kind, ouders en gezondheid: aandacht voor leefstijl en aanleg (KOALA)	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Recurrent wheeze
						Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
						Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
						Sensitisation	sIgE
Strachan et al. ( 1996 )	3	PC	Sheffield child development study	No	CF	Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis
Taylor‐Robinson et al. ( 2016 )	3	PC	Millennium Cohort Study (MCS)	No	CF	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Tham et al. ( 2017 )	2	PC	Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO)	No	Egg	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy	No PE
Tran et al. ( 2017 )	2	PC	Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Develop‐ment (CHILD) Study	No	Egg	Sensitisation	SPT
Tromp et al. ( 2011 )	3	PC	Generation R	No	Cereals, egg, peanut, soy	Asthma‐like symptoms	Wheeze
Tromp et al. ( 2011 )	3	PC	Generation R	No	Cereals, egg, peanut, soy	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Van Asperen et al. ( 1984 )	3	PC	n/a	Yes	CF	Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis
						Asthma‐like symptoms	Wheeze
						Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Venter et al. ( 2009 )	3	PC	Food Allergy and Intolerance Research (FAIR)	No	CF	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
Venter et al. ( 2009 )	3	PC	Food Allergy and Intolerance Research (FAIR)	No	CF	Sensitisation	SPT
Venter et al. ( 2016 )	1	NCC	FAIR	No	CF	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy	CV
Virtanen et al. ( 2010 )	2	PC	DIPP nutrition	No	Cereals, fish	Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis
Virtanen et al. ( 2010 )	2	PC	DIPP nutrition	No	Cereals, fish	Asthma‐like symptoms	Persistent asthma
Wilson et al. ( 1998 )	2	PC	Dundee Infant Feeding Study	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma	No PE
Wilson et al. ( 1998 )	2	PC	Dundee Infant Feeding Study	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Wheeze	No PE
Wright et al. ( 1994 )	3	PC	Tucson Children's Respiratory Study	No	CF	Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis
Zutavern et al. ( 2004 )	2	PC	n/a	No	CF, cereals, fish	Asthma‐like symptoms	Pre‐school wheeze without cold in the past 12 months
Zutavern et al. ( 2004 )	2	PC	n/a	No	CF, cereals, fish	Asthma‐like symptoms	Transient wheeze without cold in the past 12 months
						Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Zutavern et al. ( 2006 )	3	PC	Einfluss von Lebensbe‐dingungen und Verhaltens‐weisen auf die Entwick‐lung von Immun‐system und Allergien (LISA)	No	CF, cereals, egg, fish	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
						Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
	2				CF	Sensitisation	sIgE
Zutavern et al. ( 2008 )	3	PC	LISA	No	CF	Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis
						Allergic rhinitis	Allergic rhinitis symptoms
						Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma
						Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma symptoms
						Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
						Sensitisation	sIgE
Alkazemi et al. ( 2018 )	3	RETRO:CC	n/a	No	CF	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
Bascunan Gamboa et al. ( 2012 )	3	RETRO:CC	n/a	No	CF	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy	No PE
DesRoches et al. ( 2010 )	3	RETRO:CC	n/a	No	CF	Food allergy	Timing of introduction of CFs in cases and controls
Forster et al. ( 1990 )	3	RETRO:CS	n/a	No	CF	Atopic disease	Atopic disease	No PE, CV
Haileamlak et al. ( 2005 )	3	RETRO:CC	n/a	No	CF	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Hatakka et al. ( 2008 )	3	RETRO: CS	n/a	No	CF	Atopic disease	Atopic disease
Karunasekera et al. ( 2001 )	3	RETRO:CC	n/a	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma
Koplin et al. ( 2010 )	3	RETRO: CSA of baseline data of a PC	HealthNuts	Yes	CF, egg	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
Koplin et al. ( 2012 )	3	RETRO: CSA of baseline data of a PC	HealthNuts	No	egg	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
Kramer ( 1981 )	3	RETRO:CC	n/a	No	CF	Eczema	Timing of introduction of CFs in cases and controls	No PE
Kucukosmanoglu et al. ( 2008 )	3	RETRO:CC	n/a	No	CF	Sensitisation	Timing of introduction of CFs in cases and controls – sensitisation (egg)
Kumar et al. ( 2010 )	3	RETRO:CS	n/a	No	Cereals, allergenic foods (egg, peanut, tree nut, shellfish, fish, sesame)	Food allergy	Symptomatic food allergy
Lee et al. ( 2017 )	3	RETRO:CS	Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) IV and V	No	CF	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Nathan et al. ( 2012 )	3	RETRO: CC	n/a	No	CF	Asthma‐like symptoms	Asthma
Parihar et al. ( 1984 )	3	RETRO:CC	n/a	No	CF	Atopic disease	Atopic disease
Peters et al. ( 2015 )	3	RETRO: CSA of baseline data of a PC	HealthNuts	Yes	egg	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema
Sahakyan et al. ( 2006 )	3	RETRO:CC	n/a	No	CF	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Sicherer et al. ( 2010 )	3	RETRO: CC	n/a	Yes	CF	Sensitisation	Sensitisation (peanut)	CV
Suryati et al. ( 2006 )	3	RETRO:CS	n/a	Yes	CF, egg	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Takahashi et al. ( 1999 )	3	RETRO:CS	n/a	No	CF, egg	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Turati et al. ( 2016 )	3	RETRO:CC	n/a	No	CF	Eczema	Atopic dermatitis
Yung et al. ( 2015 )	3	RETRO:CC	n/a	No	CF	Atopic disease	Timing of introduction of CFs in cases and controls
Zheng et al. ( 2016 )	3	RETRO:CS	n/a	No	CF	Eczema	Symptomatic eczema

BioIC: automated microfluidic‐based immunoassay system; CC: case–control study, CF: complementary food; CS: cross‐sectional study; CSA: cross‐sectional analysis; CV: timing of introduction of CF used as a continuous variable in the analysis; n/a: not applicable; NCC: nested case–control study; PC: prospective cohort study; PE: point estimate; RCT: randomised controlled trial; RETRO: retrospective study; RoB: risk of bias; sIgE: specific immunoglobulin E; SPT: skin prick test.