Dietary reference values for sodium

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Sep 4;17(9):e05778. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5778

References (country)	Design	Subject characteristics at baseline	UNa (mmol/24 h)	BP measurement SBP/DBP (mm Hg)
Alli et al. (1992) (Italy)	Study design: cluster‐randomised Run‐in type: normal diet Intervention type: counselling N participants randomised/completed: 77/56 Duration: 12 months	% men G1: 35 G2: 50 Age (mean ± SD, years) G1: 44.3 ± 10.2 G2: 51.7 ± 11 BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ) G1: 25 ± 2.5 G2: 24.8 ± 2.8 Ethnicity: NR BP status: HT 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol) G1: 61.2 ± 18.1 G2: 59.8 ± 16.5 Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention G1: 178.7 ± 60.5 G2: 168.8 ± 65 End of intervention G1: 186.5 ± 73 G2: 163.4 ± 60.7	Type: point office, supine Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention G1: 148.5 ± 13.5/96.2 ± 4.4 G2: 148.2 ± 10.6/97.9 ± 4.9 End of intervention G1: 144.4 ± 8.1/90.6 ± 8.2 G2: 146.6 ± 15.1/94.5 ± 5.3
ANHMRCDS (1986) (Australia)	Study design: parallel Run‐in type: normal diet Intervention type: counselling N participants randomised/completed: 107/100 Duration: 12 weeks	% men G1: 83 G2: 89 Age (mean ± SE, years) G1: 52.3 ± 0.8 G2: 52.3 ± 0.8 BP status: mixed Ethnicity: NR 24‐h UK (mean, mmol) G1: 66 G2: 71 Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention G1: 142 G2: 157 End of intervention G1: 85.8 ± 7.1 G2: 155.6 ± 8.3	Type: point office, sitting Mean Beginning of intervention G1: 150/95 G2: 149/95 End of intervention G1: 144/89 G2: 148/93
ANHMRCDS (1989) (Australia) Australian National Health h Medical Research Council Dietary Salt Study	Study design: parallel Run‐in type: normal diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 111/108 Duration: 8 weeks	% men G1: 80 G2: 87 Age (years) G1: 18 + G2: 18 + Ethnicity: NR BP status: HT 24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol) G1: 73 ± 3 G2: 74 ± 3 Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention G1: 142 ± 6 G2: 134 ± 6 End of intervention G1: 90 ± 6 G2: 153 ± 6	Type: point office, sitting Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention G1: 155.2 ± 2.2/95.1 ± 0.6 G2: 152.8 ± 2.1/95.4 ± 0.6 End of intervention G1: 149.1 ± 1.9/91.4 ± 0.7 G2: 152.2 ± 1.9/94.6 ± 0.9
Benetos et al. (1992) (France)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: 1 week Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 22/20 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 45 Age (mean ± SE, years): 41.5 ± 2.4 Ethnicity: NR BP status: HT 24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol): 70 ± 3 Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention 173 ± 13 End of intervention G1: 85 ± 9.6 G2: 163 ± 13.3	Type: point office, supine Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention 154 ± 2.2/96.1 ± 1.5 End of intervention G1: 142.6 ± 2.6/89.5 ± 1.5 G2: 149.1 ± 2.3/93.2 ± 1.3
Cappuccio et al. (1997) (United Kingdom)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: low sodium diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 48/47 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 51 Age (mean ± SD, years): 66.8 ± 5.3 Ethnicity: mixed BP status: mixed 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 66 ± 20 Energy intake: NR	Type: multiple 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 72 ± 40 End of intervention G1: 94 ± 50 G2: 177 ± 49	Type: point office, supine Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 154.9 ± 20.4/87.1 ± 9.5 End of intervention G1: 155.9 ± 21.6/86.9 ± 8.8 G2: 163.2 ± 20.6/90.1 ± 10.5
Cobiac et al. (1992) (Australia)	Study design: parallel Run‐in type: low sodium diet + sodium tablets Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 57/54 Duration: 4 weeks	% men G1: 69 G2: 64 Age (mean ± SE, years) G1: 67 ± 1 G2: 67 ± 1 BMI (mean ± SE, kg/m ² ) G1: 25 ± 1 G2: 25 ± 1 Ethnicity: NR BP status: mixed 24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol) G1: 74 ± 4 G2: 68 ± 6 Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention G1: 166 ± 10 G2: 166 ± 9 End of intervention G1: 79 ± 7 G2: 152 ± 10	Type: point office, sitting Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention G1: 132 ± 2/77 ± 2 G2: 135 ± 3/78 ± 2 End of intervention G1: 127.8/77.1 G2: 132.5/77.3
Dickinson et al. (2014) (Australia)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 50/25 Duration: 6 weeks	% men: 32 Age (years): 18+ BMI (range, kg/m ²) : 27–40 Ethnicity: NR BP status: NT 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 76 ± 23 Energy intake (mean ± SD, MJ/d): 9.1 ± 2.5	Type: multiple 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 154 ± 58 End of intervention G1: 113 ± 45 G2: 155 ± 58	Type: point office, sitting Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 120 ± 13/77 ± 7 End of intervention G1: 115 ± 10/73 ± 6 G2: 118 ± 16/74 ± 8
Erwteman et al. (1984) (Netherlands)	Study design: Parallel Intervention type: counselling N participants randomised/completed: 107/94 Duration: 4 weeks	% men G1: 61 G2: 62 Age (mean ± SD, years) G1: 45 ± 11 G2: 46.5 ± 9.5 Ethnicity: mixed BP status: HT Energy intake: NR	Type: multiple 24 h mean ± SD Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 72 ± 31 G2: 130 ± 50	Type: point office, supine Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention G1: 157 ± 11.4/101.5 ± 5.4 G2: 156.2 ± 11.8/100.5 ± 3.4 End of intervention G1: 141 ± 15.4/92.9 ± 10.4 G2: 142.9 ± 16.4/94.4 ± 12.0
Fotherby and Potter (1993) (United Kingdom)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: low sodium diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 18/17 Duration: 5 weeks	% men: 22 Age (mean (range), years): 73 (66–79) Ethnicity: Caucasian BP status: HT 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 66 ± 25 Energy intake: NR	Type: multiple 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 104 ± 59 End of intervention G1: 95 ± 36 G2: 174 ± 40	Type: point office, supine Mean ± Beginning of intervention 176 ± 17/96 ± 11 End of intervention G1: 171 ± 21/96 ± 8 G2: 179 ± 18/96 ± 11
Gates et al. (2004) (USA)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 12/12 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 50 Age (mean ± SE, years): 63 ± 1 BMI (mean ± SE, kg/m ²): 25.1 ± 1 Ethnicity: Caucasian BP status: HT 24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol): 72 ± 8 Energy intake (mean ± SE, MJ/d): 9.4 ± 0.7	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention 134.5 ± 13.4 End of intervention G1: 60.5 ± 6.8 G2: 150.1 ± 17.9	Type: point office, supine Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention 148.1 ± 2.3/84.0 ± 2.4 End of intervention G1: 137.1 ± 2.8/79.0 ± 2.1 G2: 144.2 ± 3.7/79.9 ± 2.0
Gijsbers et al. (2015) (Netherlands)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: low sodium diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 37/36 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 67 Age (mean (range), years): 65.8 (40–80) BMI (mean, kg/m ²): 27.2 Ethnicity: Caucasian BP status: mixed 24‐h UK (mean, mmol): 81.8 Energy intake (mean, kcal/d): 2,774	Type: single 24 h mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 90.8 End of intervention G1: 105.1 ± 39.7 G2: 202.9 ± 54.8	Type: point office, supine Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 133.4/75.7 End of intervention G1: 125.1 ± 15/72.3 ± 7.7 G2: 132.9 ± 17.6/75.7 ± 7.5
Grobbee et al. (1987) (Netherlands)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: normal diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 42/40 Duration: 6 weeks	% men: 85 Age (mean ± SD, years): 24 ± 3 Ethnicity: NR BP status: HT 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 71 ± 22 Energy intake: NR	Type: multiple 24 h mean ± SE Beginning of intervention 141 ± 7 End of intervention G1: 57 ± 4 G2: 129 ± 5	Type: point office, supine Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention 143 ± 2.2/78 ± 1.6 End of intervention G1: 135.9 ± 1.8/73.7 ± 1.5 G2: 136.8 ± 1.8/73.5 ± 1.8
He et al. (2009) (United Kingdom)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: low sodium diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 185/169 Duration: 6 weeks	% men: 67 Age (mean ± SD, years): 50 ± 11 BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ) : 29 ± 5 Ethnicity: mixed BP status: HT 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 77 ± 26 Energy intake: NR	Type: multiple 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 110 ± 49 G2: 165 ± 58	Type: point office, sitting Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 141 ± 12/88 ± 9 G2: 146 ± 13/91 ± 8
Jablonski et al. (2013) (USA)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 11/11 Duration: 5 weeks	% men: 73 Age (mean ± SE, years): 60 ± 2 BMI (mean ± SE, kg/m ² ): 27.2 ± 1.3 Ethnicity: mixed BP status: mixed Energy intake: NR	Type: multiple 24 h Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention 159 ± 13 End of intervention G1: 77 ± 9 G2: 144 ± 7	Type: point office, supine mean ± SE Beginning of intervention 139 ± 2/83 ± 2 End of intervention G1: 127 ± 3/77 ± 2 G2: 138 ± 5/81 ± 2
Kumanyika et al. (2005) (USA) TOHP II	Study design: parallel Intervention type: counselling N participants randomised/completed: 1159/1159 Duration: 36 months	% men G1: 65 G2: 68 Age (mean ± SD, years) G1: 44.2 ± 6.1 G2: 43.2 ± 6.1 BMI (range, kg/m ² ) 24.4–37.4 Ethnicity: mixed BP status: NT 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol) G1: 66.8 ± 28.1 G2: 65.3 ± 26.6 Energy intake: NR	Type: multiple 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention G1: 186.1 ± 80.7 G2: 188.0 ± 80.9 End of intervention G1: −50.9 ± 86.3 G2: −10.5 ± 88.5	Type: point office, sitting Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention G1: 127.7 ± 6.6/86.1 ± 1.9 G2: 127.3 ± 6.4/85.8 ± 1.9 End of intervention G1: −0.7 ± 9.2/−3.0 ± 6.5 G2: 0.6 ± 8.5/−2.4 ± 7.0
Kumanyika et al. (1993) (USA) TOPH I	Study design: parallel Intervention type: counselling N participants randomised/completed: 744/744 Duration: 18 months	% men G1: 71 G2: 72 Age (mean ± SD, years) G1: 43.4 ± 6.6 G2: 42.6 ± 6.5 BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ) G1: 27.1 ± 3.8 G2: 27.1 ± 3.6 Ethnicity: mixed BP status: NT 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol) G1: 61.8 ± 23.4 G2: 62.8 ± 23.8 Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention G1: 154.6 ± 59.9 G2: 156.4 ± 60.5 End of intervention G1: 99.4 ± 60.0 G2: 146.5 ± 79.2	Type: point office, sitting Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention G1: 124.8 ± 8.5/83.7 ± 2.7 G2: 125.1 ± 8.1/83.9 ± 2.8 End of intervention G1: −5.08 ± 7.94/−4.35 ± 5.65 G2: −3.02 ± 8.31/−3.18 ± 5.8
MacGregor et al. (1982) (United Kingdom)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: low sodium diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 19/19 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 74 Age (mean (range), years): 49 (30–66) Ethnicity: mixed BP status: HT 24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol): 59 ± 5 Energy intake: NR	Type: multiple 24 h Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention 83 ± 11 End of intervention G1: 86 ± 9 G2: 162 ± 9	Type: point office, supine Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention 142 ± 3/92 ± 1 End of intervention G1: 144 ± 4/92 ± 1.5 G2: 154 ± 4/97 ± 2.5
MacGregor et al. (1989) (United Kingdom)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: low sodium diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 20/20 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 55 Age (mean (range), years): 57 (42–72) Ethnicity: mixed BP status: HT Energy intake: NR	Type: multiple 24 h Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 49 ± 8 G2: 108 ± 10 G3: 190 ± 11	Type: point office, supine Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention 164 ± 4 / 101 ± 2 End of intervention G1: 147 ± 4/91 ± 2 G2: 155 ± 3/95 ± 2 G3: 163 ± 4/100 ± 2
Meland et al. (1997) (Norway)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: normal diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 16/16 Duration: 8 weeks	% men: 81 Age (mean (range), years): 50 (20–69) Ethnicity: NR BP status: HT Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean (95% CI) Beginning of intervention 177 (149, 204) End of intervention G1: 125 (104, 146) G2: 191 (159, 223)	Type: point office, sitting Mean ± (95% CI) Beginning of intervention 146 (140, 153)/95 (92, 98) End of intervention G1: 141 (135, 147)/92 (89, 94) G2: 145 (137, 153)/94 (90, 97)
Melander et al. (2007) (Sweden)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 46/39 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 51 Age (mean ± SD, years): 53 ± 11 BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ): 26.3 ± 3.1 Ethnicity: NR BP status: NT 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 75 ± 22.9 Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 165 ± 67.4 End of intervention G1: 50.7 ± 17.3 G2: 140 ± 39.5	Type: point office, supine Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 136 ± 12.6/78.2 ± 7.8 End of intervention G1: 125 ± 12.4/73 ± 7.3 G2: 132 ± 14.7/75.2 ± 7.5
Nestel et al. (1993) (Australia)	Study design: parallel Run‐in type: low sodium diet + sodium tablets Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 70/66 Duration: 6 weeks	% men G1: 50 G2: 50 Age (mean ± SD, years) G1: 65.5 ± 4 G2: 65.5 ± 4 BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ) G1: 24.5 ± 3 G2: 24.5 ± 3 Ethnicity: NR BP status: NT 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol) G1: 87 ± 26 G2: 76.5 ± 20 Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention G1: 182.5 ± 48 G2: 162 ± 47 End of intervention G1: 91.5 ± 41 G2: 156 ± 40	Type: point office, sitting Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention G1: 126.5 ± 10/72.5 ± 7 G2: 127.5 ± 13/73.5 ± 9 End of intervention G1: 122.5 ± 9/72 ± 8 G2: 127.5 ± 14/74.5 ± 9
Parijs et al. (1973) (Belgium)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: normal diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 22/17 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 46 Age (mean ± SD, years): 41.2 ± 8.21 Ethnicity: NR BP status: HT Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 92.8 ± 41.8 G2: 191.1 ± 61.2	Type: point office, supine mean ± Beginning of intervention 179.1 ± 17.8/115.2 ± 10.9 End of intervention G1: 167.8 ± 24.3/115.5 ± 12.45 G2: 174.5 ± 20.02/112.3 ± 15.17
Puska et al. (1983) (Finland)	Study design: parallel Intervention type: counselling N participants randomised/completed: 76/72 Duration: 6 weeks	% men: NR Age (range, years): 30–50 Ethnicity: NR BP status: mixed 24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol) G1: 81 ± 4 G2: 73 ± 3 Energy intake (mean ± SE, kcal/d) G1: 2,665 ± 120 G2: 2,609 ± 103	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention G1: 192 ± 11 G2: 165 ± 9 End of intervention G1: 77 ± 5 G2: 167 ± 8	Type: point office, sitting Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention G1: 138.9 ± 2.3/89.6 ± 1.7 G2: 137.8 ± 2/89.3 ± 1.5 End of intervention G1: 137.2 ± 2.7/86.5 ± 1.8 G2: 136 ± 2.1/86.9 ± 1.5
Richards et al. (1984) (New Zealand)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 16/12 Duration: 5 weeks	% men: 67 Age (range, years): 19–52 Ethnicity: NR BP status: HT Energy intake: NR	Type: multiple 24 h Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 94 ± 7.1 G2: 202.8 ± 14.1	Type: point office, supine mean ± SE Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 144.7 ± 4/90.6 ± 3.6 G2: 149.9 ± 4.2/92.4 ± 3.5
Ruppert et al. (1993) (Germany)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 25/25 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 40 Age (mean ± SE, years): 47 ± 5 Ethnicity: NR BP status: NT Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 82 ± 3.4 G2: 199.6 ± 5.3	Type: point office, sitting Mean ± SE Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 112 ± 2.1/73.3 ± 1.4 G2: 110.3 ± 2.6/72.3 ± 1.8
Sacks et al. (2001) (USA) DASH	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: high sodium diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 204/192 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 46 Age (mean ± SD, years): 49 ± 10 BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ): 30 ± 5 Ethnicity: mixed BP status: mixed (41% HT) Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 152 ± 72 End of intervention G1: 64 ± 37 G2: 106 ± 44 G3: 141 ± 55	Type: point office, sitting mean ± Beginning of intervention 134.8 ± 9.5/85.7 ± 4.5 End of intervention G1: 126 ± 10/79.8 ± 6 G2: 130 ± 11.7/82 ± 6.4 G3: 132.7 ± 11.9/83.2 ± 6.9
Santos et al. (2010) (Portugal)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: 6 weeks Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 17/17 Duration: 7 weeks	% men: 47 Age (range, years): 24–53 Ethnicity: NR BP status: NT Energy intake (mean (range) kcal/d): 2,290 (1,461–3,646)	Type: single 24 h Median (IQR) Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 115 (87, 162) G2: 138 (123, 170)	Type: point office, supine Median (IQR) Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 118.3 (89, 124.3)/68 (51.7, 97.7) G2: 116.7 (92.3, 125)/68.3 (50.3, 81.3)
Schorr et al. (1996) (Germany)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: 2 weeks Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 21/16 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 44 Age (mean ± SD, years): 64.1 ± 3.6 BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ): 26.1 ± 3.6 Ethnicity: NR BP status: NT Energy intake: NR	Type: multiple 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 141.8 ± 33.6 End of intervention G1: 104.6 ± 21.7 G2: 175.2 ± 29.6	Type: point office, NR mean ± Beginning of intervention 132.5 ± 22.2/73.6 ± 12.5 End of intervention G1: 125.9 ± 17.3/69.5 ± 10.1 G2: 133.6 ± 23.7/71.2 ± 12.2
Swift et al. (2005) (United Kingdom)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: low sodium diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 46/40 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 43 Age (mean ± SD, years): 50 ± 10 BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ): 28 ± 4 Ethnicity: African including African Americans BP status: HT 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 63 ± 16 Energy intake: NR	Type: NR Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 89 ± 52 G2: 167 ± 73	Type: point office, supine Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 151 ± 13/98 ± 8 G2: 159 ± 13/101 ± 8
van Berge‐Landry and James (2004) (USA)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: normal diet Intervention type: counselling N participants randomised/completed: 48/48 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 79 Age: middle‐aged adults Ethnicity: mixed BP status: HT Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 24 ± 13 G2: 309 ± 88	Type: point office, NR Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 128 ± 10/85 ± 7 G2: 144 ± 14/93 ± 8
Watt et al. (1983) (United Kingdom)	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Run‐in type: low sodium diet Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 20/18 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 33 Age (mean, range, years): 52 (31–64) Ethnicity: NR BP status: HT 24‐h UK (mean, mmol): 59.2 Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 87.2 G2: 142.8	Type: point office, sitting Mean Beginning of intervention NR End of intervention G1: 136/82.3 G2: 136.5/82.6
Watt et al. (1985) (United Kingdom) High/high	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 75/66 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 37 Age (mean, years): 22.3 Ethnicity: NR BP status: mixed 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 53.8 ± 18.9 Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 129.7 ± 55.3 End of intervention G1: 56.3 G2: 130.6	Type: point office, sitting mean ± Beginning of intervention 113.1 ± 13.3/65.2 ± 11.2 End of intervention G1: 112.2/64.5 G2: 113.6/63.3
Watt et al. (1985) (United Kingdom) Low/low	Study design: cross‐over Wash out: none Intervention type: feeding N participants randomised/completed: 75/66 Duration: 4 weeks	% men: 45 Age (mean, years): 22.7 Ethnicity: NR BP status: mixed 24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 60 ± 18.3 Energy intake: NR	Type: single 24 h Mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 151.1 ± 63.6 End of intervention G1: 68.4 G2: 128.4	Type: point office, sitting mean ± SD Beginning of intervention 108.8 ± 11.5/61.9 ± 9.5 End of intervention G1: 110.2/65 G2: 110.7/63.6

References

(country)

Design

Subject characteristics at baseline

UNa

(mmol/24 h)

BP measurement

SBP/DBP

(mm Hg)

Alli et al. (1992)

(Italy)

Study design: cluster‐randomised

Run‐in type: normal diet

Intervention type: counselling

N participants randomised/completed: 77/56

Duration: 12 months

% men

G1: 35

G2: 50

Age (mean ± SD, years)

G1: 44.3 ± 10.2

G2: 51.7 ± 11

BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² )

G1: 25 ± 2.5

G2: 24.8 ± 2.8

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: HT

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol)

G1: 61.2 ± 18.1

G2: 59.8 ± 16.5

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

G1: 178.7 ± 60.5

G2: 168.8 ± 65

End of intervention

G1: 186.5 ± 73

G2: 163.4 ± 60.7

Type: point office, supine

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

G1: 148.5 ± 13.5/96.2 ± 4.4

G2: 148.2 ± 10.6/97.9 ± 4.9

End of intervention

G1: 144.4 ± 8.1/90.6 ± 8.2

G2: 146.6 ± 15.1/94.5 ± 5.3

ANHMRCDS (1986)

(Australia)

Study design: parallel

Run‐in type: normal diet

Intervention type: counselling

N participants randomised/completed: 107/100

Duration: 12 weeks

% men

G1: 83

G2: 89

Age (mean ± SE, years)

G1: 52.3 ± 0.8

G2: 52.3 ± 0.8

BP status: mixed

Ethnicity: NR

24‐h UK (mean, mmol)

G1: 66

G2: 71

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

G1: 142

G2: 157

End of intervention

G1: 85.8 ± 7.1

G2: 155.6 ± 8.3

Type: point office, sitting

Mean

Beginning of intervention

G1: 150/95

G2: 149/95

End of intervention

G1: 144/89

G2: 148/93

ANHMRCDS (1989)

(Australia)

Australian National Health h Medical Research Council Dietary Salt Study

Study design: parallel

Run‐in type: normal diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 111/108

Duration: 8 weeks

% men

G1: 80

G2: 87

Age (years)

G1: 18 +

G2: 18 +

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: HT

24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol)

G1: 73 ± 3

G2: 74 ± 3

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

G1: 142 ± 6

G2: 134 ± 6

End of intervention

G1: 90 ± 6

G2: 153 ± 6

Type: point office, sitting

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

G1: 155.2 ± 2.2/95.1 ± 0.6

G2: 152.8 ± 2.1/95.4 ± 0.6

End of intervention

G1: 149.1 ± 1.9/91.4 ± 0.7

G2: 152.2 ± 1.9/94.6 ± 0.9

Benetos et al. (1992)

(France)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: 1 week

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 22/20

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 45

Age (mean ± SE, years): 41.5 ± 2.4

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: HT

24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol): 70 ± 3

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

173 ± 13

End of intervention

G1: 85 ± 9.6

G2: 163 ± 13.3

Type: point office, supine

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

154 ± 2.2/96.1 ± 1.5

End of intervention

G1: 142.6 ± 2.6/89.5 ± 1.5

G2: 149.1 ± 2.3/93.2 ± 1.3

Cappuccio et al. (1997)

(United Kingdom)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type: low sodium diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 48/47

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 51

Age (mean ± SD, years): 66.8 ± 5.3

Ethnicity: mixed

BP status: mixed

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 66 ± 20

Energy intake: NR

Type: multiple 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

72 ± 40

End of intervention

G1: 94 ± 50

G2: 177 ± 49

Type: point office, supine

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

154.9 ± 20.4/87.1 ± 9.5

End of intervention

G1: 155.9 ± 21.6/86.9 ± 8.8

G2: 163.2 ± 20.6/90.1 ± 10.5

Cobiac et al. (1992)

(Australia)

Study design: parallel

Run‐in type: low sodium diet + sodium tablets

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 57/54

Duration: 4 weeks

% men

G1: 69

G2: 64

Age (mean ± SE, years)

G1: 67 ± 1

G2: 67 ± 1

BMI (mean ± SE, kg/m ² )

G1: 25 ± 1

G2: 25 ± 1

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: mixed

24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol)

G1: 74 ± 4

G2: 68 ± 6

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

G1: 166 ± 10

G2: 166 ± 9

End of intervention

G1: 79 ± 7

G2: 152 ± 10

Type: point office, sitting

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

G1: 132 ± 2/77 ± 2

G2: 135 ± 3/78 ± 2

End of intervention

G1: 127.8/77.1

G2: 132.5/77.3

Dickinson et al. (2014)

(Australia)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 50/25

Duration: 6 weeks

% men: 32

Age (years): 18+

BMI (range, kg/m ²) : 27–40

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: NT

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 76 ± 23

Energy intake (mean ± SD, MJ/d): 9.1 ± 2.5

Type: multiple 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

154 ± 58

End of intervention

G1: 113 ± 45

G2: 155 ± 58

Type: point office, sitting

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

120 ± 13/77 ± 7

End of intervention

G1: 115 ± 10/73 ± 6

G2: 118 ± 16/74 ± 8

Erwteman et al. (1984)

(Netherlands)

Study design: Parallel

Intervention type: counselling

N participants randomised/completed: 107/94

Duration: 4 weeks

% men

G1: 61

G2: 62

Age (mean ± SD, years)

G1: 45 ± 11

G2: 46.5 ± 9.5

Ethnicity: mixed

BP status: HT

Energy intake: NR

Type: multiple 24 h

mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 72 ± 31

G2: 130 ± 50

Type: point office, supine

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

G1: 157 ± 11.4/101.5 ± 5.4

G2: 156.2 ± 11.8/100.5 ± 3.4

End of intervention

G1: 141 ± 15.4/92.9 ± 10.4

G2: 142.9 ± 16.4/94.4 ± 12.0

Fotherby and Potter (1993)

(United Kingdom)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type: low sodium diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 18/17

Duration: 5 weeks

% men: 22

Age (mean (range), years): 73 (66–79)

Ethnicity: Caucasian

BP status: HT

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 66 ± 25

Energy intake: NR

Type: multiple 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

104 ± 59

End of intervention

G1: 95 ± 36

G2: 174 ± 40

Type: point office, supine

Mean ±

Beginning of intervention

176 ± 17/96 ± 11

End of intervention

G1: 171 ± 21/96 ± 8

G2: 179 ± 18/96 ± 11

Gates et al. (2004)

(USA)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 12/12

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 50

Age (mean ± SE, years): 63 ± 1

BMI (mean ± SE, kg/m ²): 25.1 ± 1

Ethnicity: Caucasian

BP status: HT

24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol): 72 ± 8

Energy intake (mean ± SE, MJ/d): 9.4 ± 0.7

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

134.5 ± 13.4

End of intervention

G1: 60.5 ± 6.8

G2: 150.1 ± 17.9

Type: point office, supine

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

148.1 ± 2.3/84.0 ± 2.4

End of intervention

G1: 137.1 ± 2.8/79.0 ± 2.1

G2: 144.2 ± 3.7/79.9 ± 2.0

Gijsbers et al. (2015)

(Netherlands)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type: low sodium diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 37/36

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 67

Age (mean (range), years): 65.8 (40–80)

BMI (mean, kg/m ²): 27.2

Ethnicity: Caucasian

BP status: mixed

24‐h UK (mean, mmol): 81.8

Energy intake (mean, kcal/d): 2,774

Type: single 24 h

mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

90.8

End of intervention

G1: 105.1 ± 39.7

G2: 202.9 ± 54.8

Type: point office, supine

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

133.4/75.7

End of intervention

G1: 125.1 ± 15/72.3 ± 7.7

G2: 132.9 ± 17.6/75.7 ± 7.5

Grobbee et al. (1987)

(Netherlands)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type: normal diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 42/40

Duration: 6 weeks

% men: 85

Age (mean ± SD, years): 24 ± 3

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: HT

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 71 ± 22

Energy intake: NR

Type: multiple 24 h

mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

141 ± 7

End of intervention

G1: 57 ± 4

G2: 129 ± 5

Type: point office, supine

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

143 ± 2.2/78 ± 1.6

End of intervention

G1: 135.9 ± 1.8/73.7 ± 1.5

G2: 136.8 ± 1.8/73.5 ± 1.8

He et al. (2009)

(United Kingdom)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type: low sodium diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 185/169

Duration: 6 weeks

% men: 67

Age (mean ± SD, years): 50 ± 11

BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ) : 29 ± 5

Ethnicity: mixed

BP status: HT

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 77 ± 26

Energy intake: NR

Type: multiple 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 110 ± 49

G2: 165 ± 58

Type: point office, sitting

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 141 ± 12/88 ± 9

G2: 146 ± 13/91 ± 8

Jablonski et al. (2013)

(USA)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 11/11

Duration: 5 weeks

% men: 73

Age (mean ± SE, years): 60 ± 2

BMI (mean ± SE, kg/m ² ): 27.2 ± 1.3

Ethnicity: mixed

BP status: mixed

Energy intake: NR

Type: multiple 24 h

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

159 ± 13

End of intervention

G1: 77 ± 9

G2: 144 ± 7

Type: point office, supine

mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

139 ± 2/83 ± 2

End of intervention

G1: 127 ± 3/77 ± 2

G2: 138 ± 5/81 ± 2

Kumanyika et al. (2005)

(USA)

TOHP II

Study design: parallel

Intervention type: counselling

N participants randomised/completed: 1159/1159

Duration: 36 months

% men

G1: 65

G2: 68

Age (mean ± SD, years)

G1: 44.2 ± 6.1

G2: 43.2 ± 6.1

BMI (range, kg/m ² )

24.4–37.4

Ethnicity: mixed

BP status: NT

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol)

G1: 66.8 ± 28.1

G2: 65.3 ± 26.6

Energy intake: NR

Type: multiple 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

G1: 186.1 ± 80.7

G2: 188.0 ± 80.9

End of intervention

G1: −50.9 ± 86.3

G2: −10.5 ± 88.5

Type: point office, sitting

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

G1: 127.7 ± 6.6/86.1 ± 1.9

G2: 127.3 ± 6.4/85.8 ± 1.9

End of intervention

G1: −0.7 ± 9.2/−3.0 ± 6.5

G2: 0.6 ± 8.5/−2.4 ± 7.0

Kumanyika et al. (1993)

(USA)

TOPH I

Study design: parallel

Intervention type: counselling

N participants randomised/completed: 744/744

Duration: 18 months

% men

G1: 71

G2: 72

Age (mean ± SD, years)

G1: 43.4 ± 6.6

G2: 42.6 ± 6.5

BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² )

G1: 27.1 ± 3.8

G2: 27.1 ± 3.6

Ethnicity: mixed

BP status: NT

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol)

G1: 61.8 ± 23.4

G2: 62.8 ± 23.8

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

G1: 154.6 ± 59.9

G2: 156.4 ± 60.5

End of intervention

G1: 99.4 ± 60.0

G2: 146.5 ± 79.2

Type: point office, sitting

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

G1: 124.8 ± 8.5/83.7 ± 2.7

G2: 125.1 ± 8.1/83.9 ± 2.8

End of intervention

G1: −5.08 ± 7.94/−4.35 ± 5.65

G2: −3.02 ± 8.31/−3.18 ± 5.8

MacGregor et al. (1982)

(United Kingdom)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type: low sodium diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 19/19

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 74

Age (mean (range), years): 49 (30–66)

Ethnicity: mixed

BP status: HT

24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol): 59 ± 5

Energy intake: NR

Type: multiple 24 h

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

83 ± 11

End of intervention

G1: 86 ± 9

G2: 162 ± 9

Type: point office, supine

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

142 ± 3/92 ± 1

End of intervention

G1: 144 ± 4/92 ± 1.5

G2: 154 ± 4/97 ± 2.5

MacGregor et al. (1989)

(United Kingdom)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type: low sodium diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 20/20

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 55

Age (mean (range), years): 57 (42–72)

Ethnicity: mixed

BP status: HT

Energy intake: NR

Type: multiple 24 h

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 49 ± 8

G2: 108 ± 10

G3: 190 ± 11

Type: point office, supine

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

164 ± 4 / 101 ± 2

End of intervention

G1: 147 ± 4/91 ± 2

G2: 155 ± 3/95 ± 2

G3: 163 ± 4/100 ± 2

Meland et al. (1997)

(Norway)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type: normal diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 16/16

Duration: 8 weeks

% men: 81

Age (mean (range), years): 50 (20–69)

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: HT

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean (95% CI)

Beginning of intervention

177 (149, 204)

End of intervention

G1: 125 (104, 146)

G2: 191 (159, 223)

Type: point office, sitting

Mean ± (95% CI)

Beginning of intervention

146 (140, 153)/95 (92, 98)

End of intervention

G1: 141 (135, 147)/92 (89, 94)

G2: 145 (137, 153)/94 (90, 97)

Melander et al. (2007)

(Sweden)

Study design: cross‐over

Wash out: none

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 46/39

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 51

Age (mean ± SD, years): 53 ± 11

BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ): 26.3 ± 3.1

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: NT

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 75 ± 22.9

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

165 ± 67.4

End of intervention

G1: 50.7 ± 17.3

G2: 140 ± 39.5

Type: point office, supine

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

136 ± 12.6/78.2 ± 7.8

End of intervention

G1: 125 ± 12.4/73 ± 7.3

G2: 132 ± 14.7/75.2 ± 7.5

Nestel et al. (1993)

(Australia)

Study design: parallel

Run‐in type: low sodium diet + sodium tablets

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 70/66

Duration: 6 weeks

% men

G1: 50

G2: 50

Age (mean ± SD, years)

G1: 65.5 ± 4

G2: 65.5 ± 4

BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² )

G1: 24.5 ± 3

G2: 24.5 ± 3

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: NT

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol)

G1: 87 ± 26

G2: 76.5 ± 20

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

G1: 182.5 ± 48

G2: 162 ± 47

End of intervention

G1: 91.5 ± 41

G2: 156 ± 40

Type: point office, sitting

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

G1: 126.5 ± 10/72.5 ± 7

G2: 127.5 ± 13/73.5 ± 9

End of intervention

G1: 122.5 ± 9/72 ± 8

G2: 127.5 ± 14/74.5 ± 9

Parijs et al. (1973)

(Belgium)

Study design:

cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type: normal diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 22/17

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 46

Age (mean ± SD, years): 41.2 ± 8.21

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: HT

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 92.8 ± 41.8

G2: 191.1 ± 61.2

Type: point office, supine

mean ±

Beginning of intervention

179.1 ± 17.8/115.2 ± 10.9

End of intervention

G1: 167.8 ± 24.3/115.5 ± 12.45

G2: 174.5 ± 20.02/112.3 ± 15.17

Puska et al. (1983)

(Finland)

Study design:

parallel

Intervention type: counselling

N participants randomised/completed: 76/72

Duration: 6 weeks

% men: NR

Age (range, years): 30–50

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: mixed

24‐h UK (mean ± SE, mmol)

G1: 81 ± 4

G2: 73 ± 3

Energy intake (mean ± SE, kcal/d)

G1: 2,665 ± 120

G2: 2,609 ± 103

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

G1: 192 ± 11

G2: 165 ± 9

End of intervention

G1: 77 ± 5

G2: 167 ± 8

Type: point office, sitting

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

G1: 138.9 ± 2.3/89.6 ± 1.7

G2: 137.8 ± 2/89.3 ± 1.5

End of intervention

G1: 137.2 ± 2.7/86.5 ± 1.8

G2: 136 ± 2.1/86.9 ± 1.5

Richards et al. (1984)

(New Zealand)

Study design:

cross‐over

Wash out: none

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 16/12

Duration: 5 weeks

% men: 67

Age (range, years): 19–52

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: HT

Energy intake: NR

Type: multiple 24 h

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 94 ± 7.1

G2: 202.8 ± 14.1

Type: point office, supine

mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 144.7 ± 4/90.6 ± 3.6

G2: 149.9 ± 4.2/92.4 ± 3.5

Ruppert et al. (1993)

(Germany)

Study design:

cross‐over

Wash out: none

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 25/25

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 40

Age (mean ± SE, years): 47 ± 5

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: NT

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 82 ± 3.4

G2: 199.6 ± 5.3

Type: point office, sitting

Mean ± SE

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 112 ± 2.1/73.3 ± 1.4

G2: 110.3 ± 2.6/72.3 ± 1.8

Sacks et al. (2001)

(USA)

DASH

Study design:

cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type:

high sodium diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 204/192

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 46

Age (mean ± SD, years): 49 ± 10

BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ): 30 ± 5

Ethnicity: mixed

BP status: mixed (41% HT)

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

152 ± 72

End of intervention

G1: 64 ± 37

G2: 106 ± 44

G3: 141 ± 55

Type: point office, sitting

mean ±

Beginning of intervention

134.8 ± 9.5/85.7 ± 4.5

End of intervention

G1: 126 ± 10/79.8 ± 6

G2: 130 ± 11.7/82 ± 6.4

G3: 132.7 ± 11.9/83.2 ± 6.9

Santos et al. (2010)

(Portugal)

Study design:

cross‐over

Wash out: 6 weeks

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 17/17

Duration: 7 weeks

% men: 47

Age (range, years): 24–53

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: NT

Energy intake (mean (range) kcal/d): 2,290 (1,461–3,646)

Type: single 24 h

Median (IQR)

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 115 (87, 162)

G2: 138 (123, 170)

Type: point office, supine

Median (IQR)

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 118.3 (89, 124.3)/68 (51.7, 97.7)

G2: 116.7 (92.3, 125)/68.3 (50.3, 81.3)

Schorr et al. (1996)

(Germany)

Study design:

cross‐over

Wash out: 2 weeks

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 21/16

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 44

Age (mean ± SD, years): 64.1 ± 3.6

BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ): 26.1 ± 3.6

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: NT

Energy intake: NR

Type: multiple 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

141.8 ± 33.6

End of intervention

G1: 104.6 ± 21.7

G2: 175.2 ± 29.6

Type: point office, NR

mean ±

Beginning of intervention

132.5 ± 22.2/73.6 ± 12.5

End of intervention

G1: 125.9 ± 17.3/69.5 ± 10.1

G2: 133.6 ± 23.7/71.2 ± 12.2

Swift et al. (2005)

(United Kingdom)

Study design:

cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type:

low sodium diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 46/40

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 43

Age (mean ± SD, years): 50 ± 10

BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m ² ): 28 ± 4

Ethnicity: African including African Americans

BP status: HT

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 63 ± 16

Energy intake: NR

Type: NR

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 89 ± 52

G2: 167 ± 73

Type: point office, supine

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 151 ± 13/98 ± 8

G2: 159 ± 13/101 ± 8

van Berge‐Landry and James (2004)

(USA)

Study design:

cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type: normal diet

Intervention type: counselling

N participants randomised/completed: 48/48

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 79

Age: middle‐aged adults

Ethnicity: mixed

BP status: HT

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 24 ± 13

G2: 309 ± 88

Type: point office, NR

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 128 ± 10/85 ± 7

G2: 144 ± 14/93 ± 8

Watt et al. (1983)

(United Kingdom)

Study design:

cross‐over

Wash out: none

Run‐in type: low sodium diet

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 20/18

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 33

Age (mean, range, years): 52 (31–64)

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: HT

24‐h UK (mean, mmol): 59.2

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 87.2

G2: 142.8

Type: point office, sitting

Mean

Beginning of intervention

End of intervention

G1: 136/82.3

G2: 136.5/82.6

Watt et al. (1985)

(United Kingdom)

High/high

Study design:

cross‐over

Wash out: none

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 75/66

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 37

Age (mean, years): 22.3

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: mixed

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 53.8 ± 18.9

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

129.7 ± 55.3

End of intervention

G1: 56.3

G2: 130.6

Type: point office, sitting

mean ±

Beginning of intervention

113.1 ± 13.3/65.2 ± 11.2

End of intervention

G1: 112.2/64.5

G2: 113.6/63.3

Watt et al. (1985)

(United Kingdom)

Low/low

Study design:

cross‐over

Wash out: none

Intervention type: feeding

N participants randomised/completed: 75/66

Duration: 4 weeks

% men: 45

Age (mean, years): 22.7

Ethnicity: NR

BP status: mixed

24‐h UK (mean ± SD, mmol): 60 ± 18.3

Energy intake: NR

Type: single 24 h

Mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

151.1 ± 63.6

End of intervention

G1: 68.4

G2: 128.4

Type: point office, sitting

mean ± SD

Beginning of intervention

108.8 ± 11.5/61.9 ± 9.5

End of intervention

G1: 110.2/65

G2: 110.7/63.6

BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; G1: group 1 (‘low’ sodium); G2: group 2 (‘high’ sodium); G3: group 3 (‘highest’ sodium, for studies with three sodium intake levels); HT: hypertensive; IQR: interquartile range; mm Hg: millimetre of mercury; N: number; Na: sodium; NR: not reported; NT: normotensive; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error; UK: potassium urinary excretion; UNa: sodium urinary excretion.