Dietary reference values for sodium

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. 2019 Sep 4;17(9):e05778. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5778

References (country)	Design	Baseline characteristics	Na intake assessment method	UNa (mmol/24 h)	Outcomes assessed	Confounders adjusted for	Results
(Stolarz‐Skrzypek et al., 2011) (Belgium, Czech Republic, Italy, Poland, Russian Federation) FLEMENGHO/EPOGH	Prospective cohort N = 3,360 FLEMENGHO initial cohort; N = 1,187 EPOGH initial cohort N = 1,499 included in the analyses (‘blood pressure cohort’) (excluded: participants with treated hypertension, history of CVD, missing/inaccurate 24‐h UNa at baseline) Median duration: 6.1 years	Male (%) 47.6 Hypertensive (untreated) (%) 9.9 Diabetes mellitus (%) 1.9 Age (mean (SD), years) 38.3 (14.2) BMI (mean (SD), kg/m²) 24.6 (4.0) Smokers (%) 30.4 SBP (mean (SD), mm Hg) 120.9 (12.8) DBP (mean (SD), mm Hg) 74.6 (8.9) 24‐h UK (mean (SD), mmol) 66.3 (22.4) 24‐h UCr (mean (SD), mmol) 11.9 (3.7)	Single 24‐h urine sample at baseline and at last follow‐up examination Inaccurate urine collections were defined as a volume < 300 mL/24‐h, a 24‐h UCr < 4 mmol or > 25 mmol in women and < 6 mmol or > 30 mmol in men	Mean (SD) 172.7 (62.5)	Longitudinal change in SBP and DBP BP measured at baseline and follow‐up examinations (5 blood pressure readings averaged at each examination)	Study population, sex, baseline values of and changes in: age, BMI, and alcohol intake, 24‐h UK, use of female sex steroids, and use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs	Change in SBP (mm Hg)/ 100 mmol increase in Na excretion (mean (95% CI)): FLEMENGHO: 2.373 (1.154 to 3.392), p < 0.001 EPOGH: 0.196 (−1.409 to 1.801), p = 0.81 All: 1.711 (0.786 to 2.637), p < 0.001 Change in DBP (mm Hg)/ 100 mmol increase in Na excretion (mean (95% CI)): FLEMENGHO: 0.576 (−0.246 to 1.398) p = 0.17 EPOGH: −0.052 (−1.317 to 1.212), p = 0.94 All: 0.379 (−0.313 to 1.070), p = 0.28

References (country)

Design

Baseline characteristics

Na intake assessment method

UNa (mmol/24 h)

Outcomes

assessed

Confounders adjusted for

Results

(Stolarz‐Skrzypek et al., 2011)

(Belgium, Czech Republic, Italy, Poland, Russian Federation)

FLEMENGHO/EPOGH

Prospective cohort

N = 3,360 FLEMENGHO initial cohort; N = 1,187 EPOGH initial cohort

N = 1,499 included in the analyses (‘blood pressure cohort’) (excluded: participants with treated hypertension, history of CVD, missing/inaccurate 24‐h UNa at baseline)

Median duration: 6.1 years

Male (%)

47.6

Hypertensive (untreated) (%)

9.9

Diabetes mellitus (%)

1.9

Age (mean (SD), years)

38.3 (14.2)

BMI (mean (SD), kg/m²)

24.6 (4.0)

Smokers (%)

30.4

SBP (mean (SD), mm Hg)

120.9 (12.8)

DBP (mean (SD), mm Hg)

74.6 (8.9)

24‐h UK (mean (SD), mmol)

66.3 (22.4)

24‐h UCr (mean (SD), mmol)

11.9 (3.7)

Single 24‐h urine sample at baseline and at last follow‐up examination

Inaccurate urine collections

were defined as a volume < 300 mL/24‐h, a 24‐h UCr < 4 mmol

or > 25 mmol in women and

< 6 mmol or > 30 mmol in men

Mean (SD)

172.7 (62.5)

Longitudinal change in SBP and DBP

BP measured at baseline and follow‐up examinations (5 blood pressure readings averaged at each examination)

Study population, sex, baseline values

of and changes in: age, BMI,

and alcohol intake, 24‐h UK, use of female sex steroids, and use of non‐steroidal

anti‐inflammatory drugs

Change in SBP (mm Hg)/ 100 mmol increase in Na excretion (mean (95% CI)):

FLEMENGHO: 2.373 (1.154 to 3.392), p < 0.001

EPOGH: 0.196 (−1.409 to 1.801), p = 0.81

All: 1.711 (0.786 to 2.637), p < 0.001

Change in DBP (mm Hg)/ 100 mmol increase in Na excretion (mean (95% CI)):

FLEMENGHO: 0.576 (−0.246 to 1.398) p = 0.17

EPOGH: −0.052 (−1.317 to 1.212), p = 0.94

All: 0.379 (−0.313 to 1.070), p = 0.28

BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; CVD: cardiovascular disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; EPOGH: European Project on Genes in Hypertension; FLEMENGHO: Flemish Study on Genes and Health Outcomes; m: men; mm Hg: millimetre of mercury; N: number; Na: sodium; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; UCr: creatinine urinary excretion; UK: potassium urinary excretion; UNa: sodium urinary excretion; w: women.