Table 1.
Prehospital characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristic | IV Route (n = 2358) |
IO Route (n = 661) |
|---|---|---|
| Age – years, mean ± sd [n=2351, 660] | 62.7 ± 14.3 | 62.3 ± 14.8 |
| Placebo [n=823, 229] | 62.7 ±14.4 | 60.5 ±15.3 |
| Lidocaine [n=770, 220] | 62.2 ±14.6 | 63.5 ±15.1 |
| Amiodarone [n=758, 212] | 63.2 ±13.9 | 63.2 ±14 |
| Male sex – n (%) [total n=2357, 661]* | 1935 (82.1%) | 481 (72.8%) |
| Placebo [n=825, 229] | 682 (82.7%) | 158 (69%) |
| Lidocaine [n=771, 220] | 647 (83.9%) | 167 (75.9%) |
| Amiodarone [n=761, 212] | 606 (79%) | 156 (73.6%) |
| Public location – n (%) [total n=2355, 661] | 739 (31.4%) | 188 (28.4%) |
| Placebo [n=822, 229] | 246 (29.9%) | 66 (28.8%) |
| Lidocaine [n=771, 220] | 245 (31.8%) | 67 (30.5%) |
| Amiodarone [n=762, 212] | 248 (32.5%) | 55 (25.9%) |
| EMS witnessed– n (%) [total n = 2345, 655] | 121/2345 (5.2%) | 34/655 (5.2%) |
| Placebo [n=820, 228] | 44 (5.4%) | 10 (4.4%) |
| Lidocaine [n=676, 219] | 34 (4.4%) | 10 (4.6%) |
| Amiodarone [n=758, 208] | 43 (5.7%) | 14 (6.7%) |
| Bystander witnessed – n (%) [total n=2345, 655] | 1530 (65.2%) | 409 (62.4%) |
| Placebo [n=820, 228] | 547 (66.7%) | 136 (59.6%) |
| Lidocaine [n=676, 219] | 496 (64.7%) | 139 (63.5%) |
| Amiodarone [n=568, 208] | 487 (64.2%) | 134 (64.4%) |
| Bystander shock – n. (%) [total n = 2322, 644] | 123 (5.3%) | 47 (7.3%) |
| Placebo [n=812, 225] | 42 (5.2%) | 15 (6.7%) |
| Lidocaine [n=755, 213] | 36 (4.8%) | 15 (7%) |
| Amiodarone [n=755, 206] | 45 (6%) | 17 (8.3%) |
| Bystander CPR n (%) [total n = 2323, 645] | 1322 (56.9%) | 375 (58.1%) |
| Placebo [n=812, 225] | 461 (56.8%) | 131 (58.2%) |
| Lidocaine [n=756, 213] | 428 (56.6%) | 121 (56.8%) |
| Amiodarone [n=755, 207] | 433 (57.4%) | 123 (59.4%) |
| Call to 1st EMS arrival min, mean ± sd [n=2327, 654]* | 5.8 ± 2.6 | 5.4 ± 2.2 |
| Placebo [n=811, 227] | 5.9 ± 2.7 | 5.5 ± 2.3 |
| Lidocaine [n=762, 218] | 5.7 ± 2.5 | 5.1 ± 2 |
| Amiodarone [n=754, 209] | 5.8 ± 2.6 | 5.7 ± 2.3 |
| Call to ALS arrival min, mean ± sd [n=2345, 658]* | 8.3 ± 4.7 | 6.8 ± 4.1 |
| Placebo [n=822, 229] | 8.4 ± 4.8 | 6.6 ± 3.2 |
| Lidocaine [n=766, 219] | 8.2 ± 4.3 | 6.5 ± 3.9 |
| Amiodarone [n=757, 210] | 8.2 ± 5.1 | 7.4 ± 5.1 |
Abbreviations: ALS - Advanced Life Support, Call – emergency call activating the EMS system (911), EMS - Emergency Medical Services, IO – intraosseous vascular access, IV – intravenous vascular access, sd -standard deviation
The [n =] in the gray rows of the table refers to the number of patients in the IV and IO groups, respectively, in whom data were available for the indicated measure.
*
p<0.001 for differences in sex, and call interval to EMS and ALS arrival (respectively) between IV and IO treatment groups.