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. 2018 May 16;16(5):e05243. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5243

Table 14.

Summary statistics of acute dietary exposure to codeine (μg/kg bw per day) estimated at the middle bound across dietary surveys for consumers only

Groupa Population class Mean exposureb P95 exposurec
N Min Median Max N Min Median Max
‘High‐morphine’ Infants 2 2.30 n.a. 5.85 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Toddlers 2 3.96 n.a. 8.54 1 44.9 n.a. 44.9
Other children 9 0.59 6.31 15.4 2 2.80 n.a. 38.6
Adolescents 8 0.36 4.19 8.65 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Adults 11 0.76 4.34 8.31 4 11.2 35.0 44.4
Elderly 8 0.32 3.87 6.37 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Very elderly 4 1.39 4.43 6.27 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
‘Low‐morphine’ Infants 2 0.29 n.a. 0.74 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Toddlers 2 0.50 n.a. 1.08 1 8.03 n.a. 8.03
Other children 9 0.07 0.80 1.95 2 0.50 n.a. 6.90
Adolescents 8 0.05 0.53 1.10 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Adults 11 0.10 0.55 1.05 4 2.00 6.25 7.93
Elderly 8 0.04 0.49 0.81 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Very elderly 4 0.18 0.56 0.80 0 n.a. n.a. n.a.

bw: body weight; max: maximum; min: minimum; N: number of surveys; n.a. not applicable; P95: 95th percentile

a

Group of poppy seed samples. The ‘high‐morphine’ group refers to poppy seed samples originating from Australia, China, France, Spain and the UK which are assumed to represent primarily varieties grown for pharmaceutical use. The ‘low‐morphine’ group refers to poppy seed samples originating from other countries which are assumed to represent varieties grown for food use. See Section 3.2.1.4 for further details.

b

Mean exposure calculated from the mean consumption of poppy seeds and the mean occurrence of codeine in poppy seed samples.

c

P95 exposure calculated from the P95 consumption of poppy seeds and the P95 occurrence of morphine in poppy seed samples. The P95 exposure estimates for surveys with less than 60 observations may not be statistically robust and are therefore not calculated.