Table 5.
Typical examples of the method characteristics and limits of quantification (LOQ) of analytical methods used for the determination of DAS in food and feed
| Analytical technique | Method characteristics | LOQ (μg/kg) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| TLC | Screening (qualitative – semi‐quantitative) | 2,400–4,000 | Gimeno (1979), Nowotny et al. (1983) |
| ELISA | Screening (qualitative – semi‐quantitative ‐ quantitative) | 5–300 | Clare Mills et al. (1988), Mayer et al. (2000) |
| HPLC‐UV/DAD HPLC‐FLD |
Confirmation (semi‐quantitative – quantitative) Possible multi‐analyte detection |
0.2–800 (= LOD) | Jimenez et al. (2000), Dall'Asta et al. (2004) Omurtag et al. (2007) |
| GC‐FID GC‐ECD |
Confirmation (semi‐quantitative – quantitative) Possible multi‐analyte detection |
25–200 | Cohen and Lapointe (1984), Furlong and Valente Soares (1995), Jimenez and Mateo (1997), Radova et al. (1998), Kotal et al. (1999), Schothorst and Jekel (2001) Schothorst and Jekel, (2003) |
| GC–MS(/MS) |
Confirmation (semi‐quantitative – quantitative) Possible multi‐analyte detection |
4–550 | Schollenberger et al. (1998), Milanez and Valente‐Soares (2006), Rodríguez‐Carrasco et al. (2013a,b), Escrivá et al. (2016) |
| LC–MS(/MS) |
Confirmation (semi‐quantitative – quantitative) Possible multi‐analyte detection |
0.05–125 | Berger et al. (1999), Berthiller et al. (2005), Biselli and Hummert (2005) Sørensen and Elbæk (2005), Diana Di Mavungu et al. (2009), Santini et al. (2009), Desmarchelier et al. (2010), Njumbe Ediage et al. (2011), Yang et al. (2015), Bryła et al. (2014), Capriotti et al. (2014), Malachová et al. (2014), Flores‐Flores and González‐Penas (2015), Dong et al. (2016) |
| LC–HRMS |
Confirmation (semi‐quantitative – quantitative) Possible multi‐analyte detection Identification of unknown compounds |
5–80 | Vaclavik et al. (2010), Rubert et al. (2011), Tamura et al. (2015) |
TLC: thin‐layer chromatography; HPLC: high‐performance liquid chromatography; UV: ultraviolet; DAD: diode array detection; FLD: fluorescence detection; GC: gas chromatography; FID: flame ionisation detection; ECD: electron capture detection; LC: liquid chromatography; MS: mass spectrometry; MS/MS: tandem mass spectrometry; HRMS: high‐resolution mass spectrometry; ELISA: enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.