Table B.1.
Overview LPAIV tissue distribution in poultry from studies published from January 2005 to mid‐July 2018
| LPAIV HxNx (isolate name) | Inoculation | Test | DPI | Organ (positive/total animals tested) | Reference | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species (age) | Route | Dose | Lung | Trachea | Turbinates | Air sacs | Muscle | Brain | Intestine | Blood | Heart | Liver | Kidney | {Spleen | Pancreas | Bone | Oviduct | Bursa of Fabricius | ||||
| H5N1 (A/Mallard/Italy/3401/05) | Chicken (1 month) | IN and IT | 2 x 105 EID50 | RNA detection | 2 | 2/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | Post et al. (2013) |
| 4 | 2/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/6 | 0/5 | 2/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| H7N1 (A/chicken/Italy/1067/99) | Chicken (1 month) | IN and IT | 2 x 105 EID50 | RNA detection | 2 | 6/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/6 | 1/6 | 3/6 | 0/6 | 1/6 | 3/6 | 6/6 | – | – | – | – | |
| 4 | 6/6 | – | – | – | – | 1/6 | 4/6 | 2/6 | 3/6 | 1/6 | 6/6 | 6/6 | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| H7N7 (A/Chicken/Netherlands/06022003/06) | Chicken (1 month) | IN and IT | 2 x 105 EID50 | Virus isolation | 4 | 4/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/6 | 3/6 | ND | 2/6 | 4/6 | 1/6 | 5/6 | – | – | – | – | |
| RNA detection | 2 | 5/6 | – | – | – | – | 1/6 | 5/6 | 1/6 | 3/6 | 1/6 | 2/6 | 5/6 | – | – | – | – | |||||
| 4 | 5/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/6 | 4/6 | 3/6 | 2/6 | 5/6 | 1/6 | 6/6 | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| H5N2 (A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/21525/83) | Chicken (1 month) | IN and IT | 2 x 105 EID50 | RNA detection | 2 | 4/5 | – | – | – | – | 3/5 | 3/5 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 5/5 | – | – | – | – | |
| 4 | 5/5 | – | – | – | – | 5/5 | 2/5 | 5/5 | 4/5 | 2/5 | 4/5 | 5/5 | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| H9N2 (A/Chicken/Saudi Arabia/SP0525/3AAV/2000) | Chicken (1 month) | IN and IT | 2 x 105 EID50 | RNA detection | 2 | 4/5 | – | – | – | – | 4/5 | 2/5 | 3/5 | 0/5 | 1/5 | 0/5 | 5/5 | – | – | – | – | |
| 4 | 4/5 | – | – | – | – | 3/5 | 4/5 | 5/5 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 3/5 | 4/5 | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| H5N2 (Ck/Ibaraki/1/05) | Chicken (4 weeks) | IV | 1 x 105.7 EID50 | Virus isolation | 3 | 0/3 | 1/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | 1/3 | – | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | – | – | – | Okamatsu et al. (2007) |
| 5 | 1/3 | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | 2/3 | – | – | – | 1/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | – | – | – | ||||||
| 7 | 2/3 | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | 1/3 | – | – | – | 1/3 | 0/3 | 1/3 | – | – | – | ||||||
| H7N2 (A/Turkey/Virginia/158512/2002) | Chicken (3–4 weeks) | IN | 1 x 106 EID50 | Virus isolation | 1 | 0/5 | 0/5 | – | – | 0/5a | – | – | 0/5b | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | Swayne and Beck (2005) |
| 3 | 3/5 | 3/5 | – | – | 0/5a | – | – | 0/5b | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | ||||||
| 5 | 3/5 | 3/5 | – | – | 0/5a | – | – | 0/5b | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | ||||||
| 7 | 1/5 | 1/5 | – | – | 0/5a | – | – | 0/5b | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | ||||||
| 10 | 0/5 | 0/5 | – | – | 0/5a | – | – | 0/5b | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | ||||||
| H7N2 (A/Chicken/New York/21586‐8/99) | Chicken (3–4 weeks) | IN | 1 x 106 EID50 | Virus isolation | 1 | 0/5 | 0/5 | – | – | 0/5a | – | – | 0/5b | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | |
| 3 | 2/5 | 2/5 | – | – | 0/5a | – | – | 0/5b | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | ||||||
| 5 | 3/5 | 3/5 | – | – | 0/5a | – | – | 0/5b | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | ||||||
| 7 | 1/5 | 0/5 | – | – | 0/5a | – | – | 0/5b | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | ||||||
| 10 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5a | – | – | 0/5b | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | ||||||||
| H7N9 (A/Anhui/1/13) | Chicken (3 weeks) | OcN | 1 x 108 EID50 | RNA detection | 4 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 2/2 | 0/2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2/2 | – | – | – | – | Slomka et al. (2018) |
| R1 (chicken) | 0 | RNA detection | 7 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 1/2 | 0/2 | – | – | 1/2 | – | – | – | – | 0/2 | – | – | – | – | |||
| R2 (turkey) | 0 | RNA detection | 15 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | – | – | 0/2 | – | – | – | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | – | – | – | |||
| Turkey (3 weeks) | OcN | 1 x 108 EID50 | RNA detection | 4 | 2/2 | 2/2 | 2/2 | 2/2 | – | – | 0/2 | – | – | – | ND | 2/2 | – | – | – | – | ||
| R1 (turkey) | 0 | RNA detection | 7 | 2/2 | 2/2 | 2/2 | 2/2 | – | – | 2/2 | – | – | – | ND | 2/2 | – | – | – | – | |||
| R2 (turkey) | 0 | RNA detection | 5–9 | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | – | – | 2/2 | – | – | – | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | – | – | – | |||
| R2 (turkey) | 0 | RNA detection | 15 | 1/1 | 0/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | – | – | 3/3 | – | – | – | 1/1 | 0/1 | 1/1 | – | – | – | |||
| Turkey (3 weeks) | OcN | 1 x 106EID50 | RNA detection | 4 | 2/2 | 1/2 | 0/2 | 1/2 | – | – | 1/1 | – | – | – | – | 0/2 | – | – | – | – | ||
| R2 (turkey) | 0 | RNA detection | 5–8 | 1/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | – | – | 0/2 | – | – | – | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | – | – | – | |||
| Turkey (3 weeks) | R2 (turkey) | 0 | RNA detection | 15 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | – | 0/1 | 2/3 | – | – | – | 1/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | – | – | – | ||
| H7N9 (A/chicken/Guangdong/110/2013) | Chicken (6 weeks) | IN | 1 x 108 EID50 | Virus isolation | 3 | Yes | Yes | – | – | – | Yes | 0/1 | – | No | No | No | No | No | – | – | – | Jiao et al. (2018) |
| 5 | Yes | Yes | – | – | – | Yes | no | – | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | – | – | – | ||||||
| H7N9 (A/chicken/Guangdong/134/2013) | Chicken (6 weeks) | IN | 1 x 108 EID50 | Virus isolation | 3 | Yes | Yes | – | – | – | Yes | no | – | No | No | No | No | No | – | – | – | |
| 5 | Yes | Yes | – | – | – | Yes | Yes | – | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | – | – | – | ||||||
| H9N2 (A/chicken/Egypt/S4456B/2011) | Chicken (4 weeks) | IN, IT, C | 0.5 x 106 EID50 | Virus isolation | 2 | 0/3 | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | – | – | Moatasim et al. (2017) | |||
| RNA detection | 2 | 0/3 | – | – | – | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | – | – | ||||||||
| H9N2 (A7duck/Japan/AQ‐HE5/2015) | Chicken (4 weeks) | IN | 1 x 106 EID50 | Virus isolation | 4 | 0/4 | 4/4 | – | – | 0/4 | 0/4 | 0/4 | – | – | – | 0/4 | – | – | – | – | – | Shibata et al. (2018a) |
| Ducks (6 weeks) | IN | 1 x 106 EID50 | Virus isolation | 4 | 0/4 | 0/4 | – | – | 0/4 | 0/4 | 0/4 | – | – | – | 0/4 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| H7N9 A/Anhui/1/2013‐derived strain 10E4 | Chicken (4 weeks) | IN | 1 x 106 EID50 | Virus isolation | 2 | 0/3 | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | – | Uchida et al. (2017) | |
| 4 | 0/3 | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | – | |||||||
| 6 | 0/3 | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | 1/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | – | |||||||
| Quail (4 weeks) | IN | 1 x 106 EID50 | Virus isolation | 2 | 0/3 | 1/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 1/3 | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | |||
| 4 | 2/3 | 1/3 | – | – | 1/3 | 2/3 | 1/6 | – | – | – | – | 2/3 | – | – | 2/3 | |||||||
| 6 | 0/3 | 1/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | 1/3 | – | – | 0/3 | |||||||
| Pigeon (2 years) | IN | 1 x 106 EID50 | Virus isolation | 2 | 0/3 | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | |||
| 4 | 0/3 | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | |||||||
| 6 | 0/3 | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | |||||||
| H9N2 (A/chicken/aq‐Y‐55/01) | Chicken (4 weeks) | IN | 1 x 107 EID50 | Virus isolation | 3 | 4/4 | 4/4 | – | – | 2/4 | – | 0/4 | – | – | 0/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 | – | 2/4 | – | – | Kishida et al. (2004) |
| H9N2 (A/chicken/aq‐Y‐135/01) | Chicken (4 weeks) | IN | 1 x 107 EID50 | Virus isolation | 3 | 1/4 | 3/4 | – | – | 1/4 | – | 1/4 | – | – | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | – | 1/4 | – | – | |
| H9N2 (A/chicken/Beijing/2/97) | Chicken (4 weeks) | IN | 1 x 107 EID50 | Virus isolation | 3 | 1/4 | 2/4 | – | – | 0/4 | – | 1/4 | – | – | 1/4 | 0/4 | 2/4 | – | 3/4 | – | – | |
| H9N2 (A/duck/Hokkaido/9/99) | Chicken (4 weeks) | IN | 1 x 107 EID50 | Virus isolation | 3 | 0/2 | 0/2 | – | – | 0/2 | – | 0/2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0/2 | – | – | |
| H10N1 (A/mallard/Italy/4518/2007) | Chicken (3 weeks) | IN | 1 x 106 EID50 | RNA detection | 4 | 1/1 | 1/1 | – | – | – | – | 1/1 | – | – | – | 1/1 | – | – | – | – | – | Bonfante et al. (2014) |
| Chicken (6 weeks) | IN | 1 x 106 EID50 | RNA detection | 4 | 1/1 | 0/1 | – | – | – | 0/1 | 0/1 | – | – | 1/1 | 1/1 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 5 | 3/3 | 2/3 | – | – | – | 2/3 | 3/3 | – | – | 3/3 | 3/3 | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| 6 | 2/2 | 1/1 | – | – | – | 2/2 | 2/2 | – | – | 2/2 | 2/2 | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| 12 | 1/1 | 1/1 | – | – | – | 0/1 | 1/1 | – | – | 1/1 | 1/1 | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| H7N1 (A/turkey/Italy/3675/1999) | Turkey (50 days) | OrN | 1 x 106 EID50 | Virus isolation | 1 | 0/3 | – | – | – | 0/6a | – | – | 0/15 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Toffan et al. (2008) |
| 2 | 2/3 | – | – | – | 0/6a | – | – | 1/12 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| 3 | 3/3 | – | – | – | 0/6a | – | – | 0/9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| 4 | 0/3 | – | – | – | 0/6a | – | – | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| 5 | 0/3 | – | – | – | 0/6a | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| RNA detection | 1 | 0/3 | – | – | – | 0/6a | – | – | 0/15 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| 2 | 3/3 | – | – | – | 5/6a | – | – | 2/12 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| 3 | 3/3 | – | – | – | 4/6a | – | – | 0/9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| 4 | 0/3 | – | – | – | 0/6a | – | – | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| 5 | 0/3 | – | – | – | 0/6a | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| H9N2 A/chicken/Iran/772/1998(H9N2) | Chicken (35 days) | IN | 1 x 106.5 EID50 | Virus isolation | 1 | 0/5 | 0/5 | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | – | – | – | Mosleh et al. (2009) |
| 2 | 0/1 | 0/1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | – | – | – | ||||||
| 3 | 1/5 | 2/5 | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | 2/5 | 1/5 | 0/5 | – | – | – | ||||||
| 6 | 4/5 | 2/6 | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | 3/6 | 3/6 | 0/6 | – | – | – | ||||||
| 9 | 0/5 | 0/5 | – | – | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | 5/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | – | – | – | ||||||
| H7N1 A/chicken/Italy/1067/99 | Chicken (3 weeks) | IN, IT | 1 x 106 EID50 | RNA detection | 1 | 6/6 | – | – | – | – | 5/6 | 3/6 | – | – | – | – | 3/6 | – | – | – | – | Post et al. (2012) |
| 2 | 6/6 | – | – | – | – | 4/6 | 2/6 | – | – | – | – | 4/6 | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| 4 | 6/6 | – | – | – | – | 5/6 | 4/6 | – | – | – | – | 6/6 | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| 7 | 4/6 | – | – | – | – | 1/6 | 1/6 | – | – | – | – | 0/6 | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| H7N9 A/duck/Japan/A‐Q‐HE28‐3/2016 | Chicken (4 weeks) | IN | 1 x 106 EID50 | Virus isolation | 3 | 3/4 | 4/4 | – | – | 1/4 | 0/4 | 3/4 | – | – | – | 1/4 | – | – | – | – | – | Shibata et al. (2018b) |
| Duck (4 weeks) | IN | 1 x 106 EID50 | Virus isolation | 3 | 2/4 | 1/4 | – | – | 0/4 | 0/4 | 0/4 | – | – | – | 0/4 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| H7N8 A/turkey/Indiana/16‐001571‐6/2016 | Chicken (3 weeks) | IC | 1 x 106 EID50 | RNA detection | 2 | 0/2 | – | – | – | 0/2 | 0/2 | – | – | 0/2 | – | – | 1/2 | – | – | – | – | Pantin‐Jackwood et al. (2017) |
| Turkey (3 weeks) | IC | 1 x 106 EID50 | RNA detection | 2 | 2/2 | – | – | – | 2/2 | 2/2 | – | – | 2/2 | – | – | 2/2 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Duck (2 weeks) | IC | 1 x 106 EID50 | RNA detection | 3 | 0/3 | – | – | – | 1/3 | 1/3 | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | – | – | ||
| H3N2 A/turkey/Ohio/313053/04 | Turkey (26 weeks) | IC | 1 x 10513 TCID50 | RNA detection | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2/3 | – | Pillai et al. (2010) |
| 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3/3 | – | ||||||
| 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3/3 | – | ||||||
| 9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3/3 | – | ||||||
| H9N2 A/chicken/Shaanxi/01/2011 | Chicken (30 weeks) | IN, IO | 1 x 106 EID50 | RNA detection | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | Qi et al. (2016) |
| 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | ||||||
| 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | ||||||
| 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | ||||||
| 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | ||||||
DPI: days post‐inoculation; EID: embryo infectious dose; TCID50: median tissue culture infectious dose; IN: intranasal; IT: intratracheal; IV: intravenous; C: conjunctival; OcN: ocular/nasal; R1: first contact co‐housed with directly inoculated birds; R2: second contact co‐housed with R1 birds; OrN: oronasal; IC: intrachoanal; IO: intraocular; Yes: positive result; No: negative result; –: not determined.
‘Intestine’ contains results reported as intestine, duodenum, ileum, colon or rectum.
a
Results from breast and thigh muscle.
b
Results from plasma, white blood cells and red blood cells.