Table 6.
Selected control measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, 2018) inhibiting pest entry, establishment or spread in relation to those hosts without specific regulation
| Information sheet (with hyperlink to information sheet if available) | Control measure summary | Risk component (entry/establishment/spread/impact) |
|---|---|---|
| http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1175887 | As a pest that is so polyphagous it will be difficult to grow plants outdoors that are isolated from other potential hosts. However, if plants can be grown in physical protection e.g. within a glasshouse then some protection can be provided | Entry (limits infestation at source) |
| Chemical treatments on crops including reproductive material (Work in progress, not yet available) | In the US, insecticides have been applied to the foliage and flowers of susceptible plants to target and manage adult P. japonica (Potter and Held, 2002) |
Entry (reduces population at source) Spread (causes morality within established populations, reducing pressure to spread) |
| http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1175929 | The physical and chemical cleaning and disinfection of facilities, tools, machinery, transport means, facilities and other accessories. Infested soil could carry eggs, larvae and pupae so should be cleaned from tools and machinery. Adults are known to hitchhike and so could be transported, e.g. in packing boxes. Cleaning the packaging (boxes) may help |
Entry (reduces infestation on vectors at source) Spread (reduces infestation on vectors in outbreak area) |
| http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1175956 |
Eggs, larvae and pupae develop in the soil and efforts targeting the soil could be considered In the USA, large amounts of pesticides are applied to grassland to manage P. japonica. (USDA/APHIS, 2015) |
Entry (reduces population at source) Spread (causes morality within established populations, reducing pressure to spread) |
| http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181442 |
Treatment of the waste (deep burial, composting, incineration, chipping, production of bio‐energy, etc.) in authorised facilities and official restriction on the movement of waste Consignments intercepted with P. japonica should be disposed of appropriately |
Establishment (reduces population of pests that enter) |
| Use of resistant and tolerant plant species/varieties (Work in progress, not yet available) | Field trials and laboratory assays have revealed significant variation in susceptibility to P. japonica amongst Betula spp., Glycine max, Tilia spp. and Ulmus spp. (Potter and Held, 2002) | Entry (limits infestation at source) |
| http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181717 |
Crop rotation, associations and density, weed/volunteer control are used to prevent problems related to pests and are usually applied in various combinations to make the habitat less favourable for pests Good sanitation is an effective way to reduce populations in nursery fields. Smitley (1996) reported ten times more larvae in weedy fields than in clean fields |
Entry (reduces infestation at source) Spread (reduces population build up, reducing pressure to spread) |
| Biological control and behavioural manipulation (Work in progress, not yet available) |
Other pest control techniques not covered by 1.03 and 1.13 a) biological control b) sterile insect technique c) mating disruption d) mass trapping Entomopathogenic nematodes have potential to control many soil‐dwelling insect pests but have been limited in their usage due to unpredictable performance (Helmberger et al., 2017). Nevertheless, the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinerenema glaseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora can be effective in controlling larvae in turf and potted nursery stock but are expensive and have limited shelf life (Potter and Held, 2002). The entomopathogens Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have provided inconsistent control over P. japonica (Potter and Held, 2002) Mass trapping using lures can be used to reduce numbers in isolated populations (Wawrzynski and Ascerno, 1998) |
Establishment and Spread (use of mass trapping in isolated populations reduces population build up, reducing pressure to spread) There are several known predators and pathogens of P. japonica, a few of which are commercially available. However, none are consistently effective (Potter and Held, 2002). |
| Post‐entry quarantine and other restrictions of movement in the importing country (Work in progress, not yet available) |
This information sheet covers post‐entry quarantine of relevant commodities; temporal, spatial and end‐use restrictions in the importing country for import of relevant commodities; Prohibition of import of relevant commodities into the domestic country. Relevant commodities are plants, plant parts and other materials that may carry pests, either as infection, infestation, or contamination |
This measure is appropriate for pests infesting plants for planting that are difficult to detect. Given that P. japonica larvae and pupae develop in the soil and adults are detectable upon emergence, this measure could be considered |