Table F.2.
Results from experimentally infected pigeons
| Al‐Attar et al. ( 2008 ) |
|
Virus subtype and sample collection: H9N2, 60 pigeons were captured from Nineveh province around Mosul city (Iraq) in 2007 Virus amplification: 81.5% and 50% of birds were positive in ELISA and HI tests, respectively Virus shedding: not analysed |
| Brown et al. ( 2009 ) |
|
Virus subtype and sample collection: HPAI H5N1, experimental infection of 20 wild‐caught adult rock pigeons (Columba livia) Virus amplification: A high virus concentration (106.1 EID50/0.1 mL) was required to produce infection (3/5) or death (2/5) Virus shedding: When infection did occur, the duration of viral shedding was brief and viral titres were low (below detectable limit of the tissue culture titration assay (101.87 TCID50/mL) |
| Chang et al. ( 2014 ) |
|
Virus subtype and sample collection: not subtype specific, H5 AI seroprevalence analysis (HI tests) in live wild birds in Yunnan Province (China) Virus amplification: 2/2 samples from Columbiformes were seronegative Virus shedding: not analysed |
| Hayashi et al. ( 2011 ) |
|
Virus subtype and sample collection: HPAI H5N1, experimental infection (106 EID50) of groups of 8 pigeons with two HPAI H5N1 viruses Virus amplification: Replication of both viruses has been detected, a survival experiment was not conclusive since also control birds died Virus shedding: Shedding of both viral strains was observed 5 days post‐infection (3/3 or 1/3 birds with mean titres 102.8 and 102.7 EID50/mL) |
| Kalthoff et al. ( 2014a , b ) |
|
Virus subtype and sample collection: LPAI H7N9 and H7N7, experimental infection (106 TCID50) of racing pigeons Virus amplification: no clinical signs, antibodies detected in ELISA against NP and H7 (8/8), VN negative (8/8) and HI was negative (6/8) or weakly positive (2/8, titre 2 or 4) Virus shedding: very low RNA levels were detected in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs (Cq values variation 26.2–34.2) |
| Klopfleisch et al. ( 2006 ) |
|
Virus subtype and sample collection: HPAI H5N1, experimental infection (108 EID50) of 14 4‐month‐old racing pigeons (Columbia livia f. domestica) Virus amplification: 3 birds died after disease associated with neurotropism whereas the remaining 9 pigeons showed neither clinical signs nor gross or histological lesions although H5 seroconversion (titres ranging from 1:32 to 1:64 in HI test) indicated that they had been infected Virus shedding: five SPF White Leghorn chickens were added to the aviary with the pigeons 48 h postinoculation and none of these seroconverted at 19 days postinoculation (whereas inoculation of chickens with the virus strain confirmed their susceptibility to the virus) |
| Pantin‐Jackwood et al. ( 2014 ) |
|
Virus subtype and sample collection: LPAI H7N9, experimental infection (106 EID50) of 6‐ to 12‐month‐old rock pigeons (Columbia livia domestica) Virus amplification: infection without clinical signs Virus shedding: very low viral shedding (101.7–2.5 EID50/mL mean virus titre) at 2 and 4 days postinoculation (5–7/11 and 1/8 birds, respectively), pigeons did not transmit the virus to direct contact pigeons |
| Shriner et al. ( 2016 ) |
|
Virus subtype and sample collection: not subtype specific, H5 AI seroprevalence analysis (ELISA and HI tests) in live wild birds captured around poultry farms during an acute HPAI H5N8 outbreak Virus amplification: 3/38 rock pigeons were suspected positive in ELISA but were below the detection level of the HI test (< 1:8 titre) Virus shedding: not analysed |