Table 7.

LPAI transmission routes (Pantin‐Jackwood et al., 2012; Claes et al., 2013, 2014)

Mode	Chicken	Turkey	Duck
Horizontal intraspecies	+++	+++	+++
Vertical	_	_	_
Fomite	++	++	++
Wild bird origin	+	++	+++
Horizontal interspecies	+	++	++

+++: highly efficient; ++: effective; +: can occur, but low efficiency; –: not reported.