Table 10.
Overview of AI diagnostic tools
| Method | Test performance | Purpose | Sample type | Reference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dse | Dsp | Population freedom | Animal freedom | Disease confirmation | Surveillance inc post vacc | |||
|
Detection/culture Virus isolation a |
+ | +++ | +++ | + |
Tissues C&O swabs |
(Commission Decision 2006/437/EC) | ||
| PCR (real‐time) b | NK | NK | NK | NK | NK | NK |
Tissues C&O swabs |
(Commission Decision 2006/437/EC) |
| Influenza A | NK | NK | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ |
Tissues C&O swabs |
(Commission Decision 2006/437/EC; Slomka et al., 2010) |
| H5 | 100% | – | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ |
Tissues C&O swabs |
(Commission Decision 2006/437/EC; Slomka et al., 2007) |
| H7 | 100% | 90% | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ |
Tissues C&O swabs |
(Commission Decision 2006/437/EC; Slomka et al., 2009) |
|
Immune response HI |
– | – | +++ | ++ |
++ convalescent |
+++ | Serum | (Commission Decision 2006/437/EC) |
| ELISA | NK | NK | + | + |
+ convalescent |
++ | Serum | (Marche and van den Berg, 2010; OIE, 2017) |
|
Virus characterisation gene sequencing |
NK | 100% | – | – | +++ | – | Tissue /swab or virus | (OIE, 2017) |
| IVPI | – | – | – | – | +++ | – | Virus | (OIE, 2017) |
C&O swabs: cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs.
NK: not known; HI, haemagglutination inhibition test; IVPI, intravenous pathogenicity index.
a
Gold standard but proven to be less sensitive and furthermore, real‐time PCR reactors specific from known population.
b
Senstivity (Dse) and specificity (Dsp) values measured against virus isolation.