Table 13.

LPAI vaccine availability and effectiveness^a

Vaccine	Type/administration	Effectiveness	Field protection	Duration of protection	Diva	Availability/production capacityd
Nobilis flu H5N2b	Inactivated IM and SC	Reduced clinical signs and viral shedding	n/a	12 months in chicken	Yc	Y Capacity unknown
Nobilis flu H7N1/H7N7	Inactivated IM and SC	Reduced clinical signs and viral shedding	Italy 2002–2003 R0 2.9 pre‐vaccination to 0.6 post‐vaccination	45 weeks	Yc	Y Capacity unknown
Poulvac Flu‐Fend H5N3	Inactivated IM and SC	Reduced clinical signs and viral shedding	n/a	14 weeks in ducks	Yc	Y Capacity unknown
Merial Trovac H5	Vectored HA insert SC	Reduced clinical signs and viral shedding	n/a	20 weeks in chicken	Y	Y Capacity unknown
Gallimune H5N9 or H7N1	Inactivated IM and SC	Reduced clinical signs and viral shedding	n/a	Not known	Yc	Y Capacity unknown

SC: subcutaneous; IM: intramuscular.

^aNote this is not an exhaustive list of vaccines, but it indicates some vaccines historically used in the EU.

^bEMA authorisation.

^cCompanion diagnostics not on the shelf.

^dCommercial suppliers tailor supply to demand.