Table 1.
Animal‐level prevalence of BVDV (seropositivity and persistent infection) in EU member states (reproduced from Table 6 of the EU Thematic network on control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) (2001))
| Country/Region | Study Period | Sampling Frame | Sampling Method | Sample Size | Prevalence (AB) | Prevalence (Virus) | Vaccination | Reference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herds | Animals | Herds | Animals | Herd level number (%) | Animal level number (%) | Herd level number (%) | Animal level number (%) | |||||
| Belgium | … | S. Belgium, Belgium White Blue and Friesian Holstein | Some herds suspicious or had poor diagnosis (42.5%) | All animals in herd | 61 | 9,685 | 61 (100) | 6,344 (65.5) | 27 (44.3) | 73 (0.75) | Some vaccination (not considered important) | Schreiber et al. (1999) |
| Belgium | 2009–2010 | A cross‐sectional study | Random | Between 6 and 12 months | 773 | 5,246 | 47.4 | 32.9 | 4.4 | 0.3 | Some vaccination | Sarrazin et al. (2013) |
| Denmark | 1988 | Jutland in Denmark; Dairy herds | Representative NPE | All per farm | 19 | 2,570 | 19 (100) | 1,655 (64.4) | 10 (52.6) | 35/28 (1.4/1.1) | No Vaccination | Houe and Meyling (1991) |
| Germany | … | N. Germany. Breeding animals | Exporting herds | Pregnant NPE | ˃ 1,000 | 2,317 | – | – | – | 21 (0.9 [viraemic]) | … | Liess et al. (1987) |
| Germany | 1993–1994 | Lower Saxony | NPE | Up to 3 years | 329 | 20,253 | – | – | 149 (45.3) | 425 (2.1) | Some vaccination | Frey et al. (1996) |
| Hungary | 2008–2012 | Country wide, voluntary herd screening for BVDV or animal trade | Country wide, voluntary herd screening for BVDV or animal trade | Up to 2 years | 3,247 | 570,524 | 12.4 | Within herd: 7.2%, 0.89% for all animals in all herds | Szabára et al. (2016) | |||
| Ireland | 2009 | Cross‐sectional study of a stratified random sample of 1,171 Irish dairy and beef cow herds | Randomly constructed within‐herd serum pools | 1,171 | 98.7 | Not vaccinated herds | Cowley et al. (2012) | |||||
| Lithuania | 1997–2001 | 27 regions | Some suspect herds | Some suspect herds | 147 | 3,798 | 103 (70.1)** | 2,211 (58.2) | – | – | No Vaccination | (Mockeliūnas et al., 2004) |
| The Netherlands | … | 9 herds participating in BHV1 vaccination trial. ˃ 100 involved in international trade | – | Random | ˃ 100 | 1,798 | – | 1,169 (65) | – | – | … | (Kramps et al., 1999) |
| Norway | 1984–1986 | Wide geographic representation. Norwegian Red cattle | Representative NPE | Random, ˃ 2 years | 187 | 1,133 | 52 (28) | 210 (18.5) | – | – | No Vaccination | (Løken et al., 1991) |
| Poland | … | Bulls at artificial insemination centres | – | ˃ 6 months old | – | 175 | – | 150 (86) | – | – | … | (Polak and Zmudzinski, 1999) |
| Poland | … | Bulls at artificial insemination centres | – | ˃ 6 months old | – | 219 | – | – | – | −5/2 (2.3/0.9) | … | (Polak and Zmudzinski, 1999) |
| Poland | Publication year 2015 | Young beef Cattle on the farms examined in south‐eastern Poland | Between 6 and 12 months old | 15 | 78 | 6.41 | 3.85 | Animals not vaccinated | Wernicki et al. (2015) | |||
| Poland | 2008–2011 | Sampling in the frame of monitoring of classical swine fever | 14,608 | 0.31 | Lipowski (2014) | |||||||
| Scotland | 1992–1993 | S.W. Scotland breeding bulls on dairy, beef or mixed farms (5 bulls from dealers) | – | Random | 78 | 109 | – | 85 (78) | – | – | … | McGowan and Murray (1999) |
| Slovakia | 2000 | 6–12 months old | … | Random | 45 | 1,295 | … | 894 (69.0) | – | – | Animals not vaccinated | Vilcek et al. (2003) |
| Slovakia | 2000 | 6–12 months old | Herds with 70–98% seropositivity | Random | 13 | 462*** | – | – | … | 6 (1.3) | Animals not vaccinated | Vilcek et al. (2003) |
| Slovenia | 1996 | 5 regions breeding herds | – | All animals in herd | 274 | 6,892 | – | 1,144 | – | – | … | Grom and Barlic‐Maganja (1999) |
| Spain | 1997 | Asturias region. Dairy herds | Random/stratified NPE | ˃ 1 year old. 20 herds; all animals. 8 herds; random | 28 | 529 | 24 (86) | 112 (21.1 [CI: 17.8‐24.6]) | – | – | No vaccination | Mainar‐Jaime et al. (2001) |
| Spain | 2010–2014 | Area of chamois in the Cantabrian Mountains, north‐Western Spain | Sera samples from hunted wild life |
Chamois: 78 Red deer: 65 Roe deer: 24 |
Chamois: 0 Red deer: 10.8 Roe deer: 0 |
Animals not vaccinated | Fernández‐Aguilar et al. (2016) | |||||
| Spain | 2010–2014 | Area of chamois in the Cantabrian Mountains, north‐Western Spain | Sera samples from cattle, sheep and goats | 10 animals per herd |
Cattle: 13 Sheep: 8 Goats: 4 |
Cattle: 133 Sheep: 102 Goats: 37 |
Cattle: 100 Sheep: 25 Goats: 0 |
Cattle: 59.4 Sheep: 5.9 Goats: 0 |
Animals not vaccinated | Fernández‐Aguilar et al. (2016) | ||
| Sweden | 1987 | County of Kopparberg. Dairy herds | Random | All lactating cows | 15 | 413 | 11 (73) | 190 (46) | – | – | No Vaccination | Niskanen et al. (1991) |
| Switzerland | 1994–1995 | Canton of St Gallen | Random | Cows and heifers (all) | 95 | 2,892 | 95 | 2,421 | – | – | … | Braun et al. (1997) |
| Switzerland | 1995 | Canton of St Gallen, 7 Alpine pastures. Swiss Braunvieh cattle. Dairy herds | Invited by cantonal veterinary officer | Animals prior to pasture; 98% were replacement cattle. NPE | 149 | 990 | – | 627 (63.3) | – | 9 (0.9) | … | Braun et al. (1998) |
| Switzerland | 1993–1994 | Dairy herds | Random (at least 5 cows) | All cows | 113 | 1,635 | 112 (99.1) | 1,174 (72) | – | – | … | Stärk et al. (1997) |
| United Kingdom | 1974–1975 | England and Wales | 3 herds in each country | 12 per herd representing a range of ages | 133 | 1,593 | – | 988 (62) | – | – | … | Harkness et al. (1978) |
| United Kingdom | 1980–1985 | … | … | Beef calves 2–4 months old. Cows 2–3 year old. Gnotobiotic calves. NPE | – | 924 | – | – | – | 7/4 (0.8/0.4*) | … | Howard et al. (1987) |
| United Kingdom | 1985–1986 | England and Wales | – | Submissions of ˃ 10 samples to CVL | – | 18,759 | – | 12,175 (64.9) | – | – | … | Edwards et al. (1987) |
| United Kingdom | 1986 | Central Veterinary Laboratory | – | Submissions of ˃ 10 samples to CVL | – | 3,151 | – | – | – | 57 (1.8 viraemic) | … | Cornish et al. (2016) |
| United Kingdom | 2006–2007 | Scotland | Stratified random sampling design based on agricultural census data | 301 | 16 | Around 25% vaccination | Brülisauer et al. (2010) | |||||
Note: Some numbers may have been calculated from percentages given in publications.
General legends and abbreviations in tables:
– Information not measured or applicable.
… Information not available in the paper.
NPE no past evidence, meaning that herds were not selected based on past evidence of infection (unknown BVD status).
AI artificial insemination centres.
BHV Bovine herpes virus.
* First number: Viraemic; Second number: Known to be PI.
** Not all animals in each herd are tested (i.e. herd prevalence is underestimated).
*** Only 84 antibody negative tested.