Figure 1.

Map of France, with the départements (Allier and Puy‐de‐Dôme) where bluetongue re‐emerged in 2015 (area with diagonal lines), and départements selected for comparison (coloured and highlighted départements)

• Départements were selected by comparison as they belongs to the same Culicoides diversity groups (brilliant and pale green). Both these diversity groups are dominated by the morphologically close C. obsoletus/C. scoticus species, with a rarefaction of C. chiopterus and C. dewulfi southwards. Data were obtained from the French surveillance system of Culicoides populations, funded by the French Ministry of Agriculture.