Table 2.

Summary of the main results of experimental infection studies on wild ruminants

Species	Year	Country	BTV serotype(s)	Number of animals inoculated	Viraemia onset	Viraemia duration	Duration of RT‐PCR positivity	Laboratory tests used	Reference
White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)	Not reported	USA	BTV‐8	10	2 dpi	10 days		Virus isolation	Vosdingh et al. (1968)
North American elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis)	Not reported	USA	BTV‐8	5	2 dpi	10 days (107 daysa)		Virus isolation	Murray and Trainer (1970)
Black‐tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus)	1989	USA	BTV‐17/BTV‐10	9	2–9 dpi	1–10 days		Virus isolation	Work et al. (1992)
Camel (Camelus dromedarius)	2008	Morocco	BTV‐1	3	7–8 dpi		27–68 dpi	Virus isolation and RT‐PCR	Batten et al. (2011)
Red deer (Cervus elaphus)	2009	Spain	BTV‐1	4	1 dpi	12 days	105–112 dpi	Virus isolation and RT‐PCR	Lopez‐Olvera et al. (2010)
Red deer (Cervus elaphus)	2009	Spain	BTV‐8	4	1 dpi	Not determined	14–98 dpi	Virus isolation and RT‐PCR	Lopez‐Olvera et al. (2010)
White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)	Not reported	USA	BTV‐8	8	3–6 dpi	Not determined	12–28 dpi	RT‐PCR	Drolet et al. (2013)
American bison (Bison bison bison)	1998	Canada	BTV‐11	6	4–7 dpi	21–28 days		Virus isolation	Tessaro and Clavijo (2001)
Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama)	2010	Germany	BTV‐8	6	2–6 dpi	Not determined	16–35 dpi	Virus isolation and RT‐PCR	Schulz et al. (2012)

BTV: bluetongue virus; c‐ELISA: competitive‐enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; RT‐PCR: reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

^aIn this study, 2 out of 5 experimental inoculated animals have been treated at 105 dpi with 5 mg of Flumethasone intramuscularly injected.